A Supreme Court's ruling and precedents can change over time as the court reassesses and reinterprets the law in light of new social and legal developments. The Supreme Court has the authority to establish new precedents, through their decisions and rulings that set legal principles that must be followed by lower courts. A precedent can change when a new case is brought before the court, and the court reconsiders its previous ruling, or when the court's composition changes and new justices bring new perspectives to the court.
An example of a precedent that changed over time is the "separate but equal" doctrine. This doctrine, established in the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation as long as the separate facilities were equal in quality. However, in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education, the court reversed this precedent and ruled that segregation in public schools was inherently unequal, and therefore unconstitutional.
a plaintiff sued a police officer for false arrest. the officer's defense was that, based on a description he heard over the police radio, he reasonably believed the plaintiff was an armed robbe
What the policeman overheard on the police radio is the major issue at trial. All three of the pieces of evidence the accused wants to allow are pertinent and admissible in relation to that matter.
The policeman can provide testimony regarding what he thought he heard. The radio readings made by the police dispatcher are admissible in court. To prove what the policeman heard, the note the patrol officer read from is acceptable. They are all relevant sorts of evidence that can help the fact finder make decisions. None of the above forms should be regarded as hearsay since they are not presented in order to prove the assertions made — namely, the identity of the armed robber — but rather to demonstrate how they affected the police officer who was listening. The police officer's testimony is also not susceptible to removal under the best available evidence criterion because it is not a document. These three pieces of evidence are all pertinent, and they cannot be neglected.
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the state constitution outlines that the judicial branch can check the legislative branch by
The state constitution outlines that the judicial branch can check the legislative branch by judicial review. It can declare those laws as unconstitutional.
The power of the Supreme Court of judicial review, or the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution, was not originally present in the constitution itself. The Court had established this doctrine in the case of Marbury v. Madison.
The Government is divided into three branches by the constitution, namely, legislative, executive, and judicial. It is an important step because it gave specific powers to each of the branch and set up the doctrine called checks and balances.
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_____is a California counterpart to the federal anti-discrimination law with regards to blockbusting.
Answer:
The Rumford Act is a California counterpart to the federal anti-discrimination law concerning blockbusting.
Explanation:
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Should prosecution for a crime in both state and federal courts be prohibited by the double jeopardy clause?
The double jeopardy clause, as outlined in the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, prohibits an individual from being tried for the same crime twice. This principle is intended to protect citizens from being subjected to the trauma and financial burden of multiple trials for the same offense. However, there is ongoing debate about whether prosecution for a crime in both state and federal courts should also be prohibited by the double jeopardy clause.
One argument for prohibiting prosecution in both state and federal courts is that it would prevent the government from using the legal system as a means of harassment or punishment. If an individual is acquitted or convicted in a state court, it would be unjust for them to be subjected to another trial in a federal court for the same crime. This would also prevent the government from using multiple trials as a means of securing a conviction, even if there is not enough evidence to support a guilty verdict in one court.
On the other hand, some argue that prosecution in both state and federal courts should not be prohibited by the double jeopardy clause because it allows for different levels of government to hold individuals accountable for their actions. For example, if a crime is committed on federal land or involves crossing state lines, it may be appropriate for both state and federal prosecutors to pursue charges. Additionally, some argue that prohibiting prosecution in both state and federal courts would hinder the government's ability to effectively combat organized crime or other complex criminal activities that may span multiple jurisdictions.
In conclusion, the double jeopardy clause is an important principle that is intended to protect citizens from being subjected to multiple trials for the same crime. However, whether prosecution in both state and federal courts should be prohibited by the double jeopardy clause is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of the potential consequences for citizens and the government's ability to effectively combat crime.
which of the following powers is not granted to the president in article ii of the constitution?
The powers and responsibilities of the president are established in Article Two of the constitution, which also provides the procedures for choosing and dismissing the president.
Article Two also vests the executive branch's authority in the position of the president of the USA. The president and vice president are designated in Section 1 of Article Two, and both positions have a four-year term limit. The Vesting Clause of Section 1 and the Vesting Clauses of Articles One and Three establish the separation of powers between the three parts of government by stating that the executive branch of the government is established in the president. The authorities of the presidency are outlined in Section 2 of Article II, which also establishes that the president, among many other duties, is the military's commander-in-chief. The president has the authority to pardon people under this clause. Additionally, Section 2 calls for any executive department's "primary officer" to offer advise.
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Edshina lives in Florida. She is overseeing a transaction and wants to ensure the deed is recorded so she can ensure the public can pursue constructive notice. As her broker, you advise her to obtain:
As her broker, you would advise her to present the deed along with copies to the recorder's office in the county where the property is located as the first step.
In order to record a deed, you must go to the recorder's office in the county where the property is located and present the deed along with copies. It is important to make sure that all the necessary documents are provided to the recorder's office in order for the deed to be properly recorded.
After presenting all the required documents in the county, there will be a delivery and acceptance, a real estate deed becomes a public record when it is filed with the Recorder of Deeds. After recording the deed it will become very easy for the public to consider pursuing construction.
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how did integrating schools in the 1960's raised the economic outcomes for entire communities of black people and about how equalizing voting rights with the voting rights act, allowed communities of color to have more representation in government.
An immediate effect of the Voting Rights Act. One-third of the new Black voters registered by federal examiners by the end of 1965 totaled a quarter of a million.
What were the benefits of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?The influence of the Voting Rights Act was felt right away. By the end of 1965, a quarter of a million additional Black voters had been registered, with federal examiners accounting for one-third of those. By the end of 1966, fewer than 50% of African Americans had registered to vote in only four of the 13 southern states.
The measure prohibited literacy tests and authorized the appointment of Federal examiners in specific jurisdictions having a track record of discriminatory voting practices.
The law prohibited the use of literacy tests, allowed for federal inspection of voter registration in communities with less than 50% of non-white residents registered to vote, and gave the U.S. attorney general the power to look into the use of poll taxes.
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What power does the federal
government have to regulate the State of California and its residents?
The federal government has the power to regulate the state of California and its residents through the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution.
What does the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution provide?This clause establishes that federal laws and regulations are the supreme law of the land, and states must abide by them. Additionally, the federal government also has the power to regulate certain activities that have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.
All these includes the power to regulate things like air and water pollution, and to enforce federal laws such as immigration laws and civil rights laws.
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The amendments proposed by the various state conventions were considered to be a condition of ratification. true or false
The amendments proposed by the various state conventions were considered to be a condition of ratification. is false.
How can an amendment be ratified by state conventions?If two-thirds of the States ask for one, a convention may be convened for that purpose , or by a vote of both Houses of Congress, is required to propose an amendment. After then, the amendment must be approved by three-fourths of the State legislatures or three-fourths of the conventions summoned in each State for ratification.Any amendments put forth by that conference must be adopted by three-fourths of the states by a vote of either the state legislature or a state convention called for that purpose.To learn more about amendments refer to:
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true/false. different aspects of the u.s. constitution as well as the debate between federalist no. 10 and brutus no. 1 reflect the tension between the broad participatory model and the more filtered participation of the pluralist and elite models.
It is true. because u.s. constitution as well as the debate between federalist no. 10 and brutus no. 1 reflect the tension between the broad participatory model and the more filtered participation of the pluralist and elite models.
What is meant by filtered ?
employing specialised equipment, remove particles from liquids or gases or specific forms of light: To get rid of any pollutants, the water is filtered.Simply said, filtered water is municipal tap water that has been put through carbon filters to reduce the chlorine concentration and enhance flavour.In rare cases, micron filters can be used in addition to carbon filters.By modifying the colours of the pixels, image filtering modifies the appearance of an image. The benefits of applying filters to photographs include boosting contrast and providing a number of interesting effects.See meaning's definition on Dictionary.com. nounintention, goal, nounmessage, and nounsignificationTo learn more about filtered refer to
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which of the following accurately describe reasons why the common law courts rose to become the predominant courts during the early development of the english common law?
The common law courts rose to become the predominant courts during the early development of the english common law to administer law in a uniform manner.
Common law, the body of law created by the court, is frequently set apart from statute rules and regulations, that are pieces of legislation issued by the legislator and executive branch, respectively. Judicial precedent contrasts with statutes in judicial systems that uphold the common law and is on an equal footing with them. The legal system, which codifies basic legal concepts into legal codes but does not recognize judicial judgements as binding, is the other primary legal system utilized by nations. Systems of civil law distinguish clearly between secondary and primary sources. Enacted legislation, custom, and "general principles of law" are primary sources. In civil law systems, the enacted legislation is the main source of these. In a civil legal system, a code is a list of broad rules that are prioritized. Before the specific problem can be evaluated, there may be initial general laws governing fundamental problems that must be addressed.
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the list of previous owners from whom the present real estate owner derives his or her title is known as the
The list of previous owners from whom the present real estate owner derives his or her title is known as the chain of title.
What is chain of title?The chronology of previous transfers of title to a property is known as a chain of title. It acts as a historical ownership chronology for a property and is a useful tool for locating and documenting previous owners. The "chain" links the current owner to the property's original owner.an official document that details each owner of a certain property along with their date of ownership.It is a record of all papers and court cases pertaining to a particular piece of property.The owners of a piece of property are listed in a chain of title. From the very first owner all the way up to the present owner, it is sequential in nature.To learn more about property refer to:
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governments implement blank trade policies that are designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country.
Governments implement administrative trade policies that are designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country.
What are the national policies that influence global trade?Governments primarily use tariffs , subsidies, and quota systems to impose trade restrictions.The quantity of commodities that can be imported into a nation is limited by a quota system. Quota systems provide governments the ability to limit imports in order to safeguard indigenous businesses.An agreement to lower import and export tariffs between two or more countries is known as a free trade agreement. Under a free trade policy, there are little to no government taxes, quotas, subsidies, or restrictions that prevent the flow of products and services across international borders.To learn more about administrative trade policies refer to:
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kim was accused of securities fraud. during the government investigation, kim destroyed relevant documents. under 2002 federal legislation, kim:
Kim: may be punished with penalties and a maximum of 20 years in jail.
A penalty or the typical penalty for breaking the law: A three-year prison sentence is the maximum punishment under the law. In accordance with Laws 12 and 13, a player who violates a direct free kick rule inside their penalty area or while playing off the field results in a penalty kick. A penalty kick might result in an immediate goal. In a penalty shootout, each side is given five chances to score, and the team with the most successful kicks is crowned the winner. Since it has the potential to be the most significant, the fifth penalty is frequently considered the most significant.
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Which of the following statements about IACUC suspensions of animal activities is FALSE?
An IACUC member cannot stop a procedure on an animal upon observing it is a statements about IACUC suspensions of animal activities which is 'FALSE'.
What is IACUC ?The Animal Care and Use Program and all of its components are administered in accordance with the Public Health Service's (PHS) Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Policy) and Guide on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide).
When it determines that it is necessary to protect animals or humans, the IACUC has the authority to halt animal activity aid in the creation of the grant application's basic science section.
IACUC members are powerless to stop animal manipulation once it has begun. If any of the following applies to your project: Research, training, or testing carried out with University oversight or direction, regardless of funding source.
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Complete question:
Which of the following statements about IACUC suspensions of animal activities is FALSE?
-The IACUC must report a suspension to the IO, who must report it to regulatory agencies.
-An institutional official can suspend an activity without agreement by the IACUC.
-An IACUC member cannot stop a procedure on an animal upon observing it.
-A majority of a quorum must vote at a convened meeting to suspend an activity.
of the following, which is not a disciplinary action open to the commission if a licensee fails to provide disclosure or fails to adhere to the disclosure provisions set forth in the regulations?
After the disciplinary action is performed, a suitable follow-up must be conducted to determine whether the employee's behaviour has changed as a result of the punishment.
Following the implementation of the disciplinary action, a proper follow-up must be carried out to assess the employee's changed behaviour. A preliminary investigation into any allegations of misbehaviour is the first stage. An investigative report is created when information is acquired from numerous sources, such as witnesses to alleged incidents. If there has been misbehaviour, management should proceed to give the employee a written charge sheet. A charge sheet is a formal, legally binding document of allegation assures the accused. A meeting with the accused employee should be scheduled following the delivery of the charge sheet to the employee. He should be given the opportunity to make an explanation for the inappropriate behaviour.
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in year 1, the government spent more than it collected in tax revenue. in year 2, the government increased spending more with no other budget changes. which of the following is the most likely result from year 1 to year 2? (5 points)
The budget surplus would decrease. Budget deficits occur when a government spends more on transfers, commodities, and services than it receives in tax revenue.
Progressives believe that by political activity, human societies may be improved. Progressivism is a political philosophy that aims to improve social reform based on alleged improvements in science, technology, economic development, and social organization. Adherents believe that progressivism can be applied to all human communities and work to disseminate this belief. The Age of Enlightenment saw the rise of progressivism, which was motivated by the idea that new empirical knowledge was being used to manage society more effectively in Europe. Progressivism is frequently equated in contemporary political discourse with social liberalism, a left-leaning form of liberalism, as opposed to the right-leaning neoliberalism, which combines support for a mixed economy with cultural liberalism. An organization that calls itself progressive in the twenty-first century is "a social or political movement that seeks to represent the interests of common people through political reform and the backing of government activities."
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a kansas city law imposes prison terms without a trial on street entertainers who operate in certain areas. a court would likely review this statute under the principles of:
Under the principle of "Procedural due process", a Kansas city law imposes prison terms without a trial on street entertainers who operate in certain areas.
Procedural Due process refers to the constitutional requirement that if the federal government acts in a manner that would deprive a citizen of the right to life, liberty, or property, that person must be given notice to be heard, and the Decision of a neutral decision-maker.
The law was passed and applies to street entertainers who perform within a 10-mile radius of the city's downtown. The law states that the entertainers must first seek a permit from the city, and that if they are found to be in violation, they could be sentenced to up to six months in prison.
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An eight-lane highway has ________ pedestrian countdown period ___ a four-lane road.
A. the same; as
B. a longer; than
C. half the; of
D. a shorter; than
An eight-lane highway has a longer pedestrian countdown period than a four-lane road. Countdown pedestrian signals have a typical pedestrian signal with shapes and colors and an additional display that indicates how many seconds are remaining until it is safe to cross the roadway.
The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) now considers countdown pedestrian signals to be the industry standard on the State Highway System. All new construction and any renovated traffic signal installations that affect pedestrians have countdowns implemented. The countdown time is determined by the distance traveled and the speed of walking. For example, a four-lane road would have a shorter countdown period than an eight-lane highway. A zero and a DON'T WALK or solid red hand signal the conclusion of the countdown period, which begins at the start of the DON'T START or flashing hands phase.
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page 57 2.5. explain how the meaning of the constitution has evolved. the legislative branch has played the most important role in interpreting how the meaning of the constitution has changed over time.
False , A constitution that has evolved is the product of rules that have been introduced one by one over time, as and when the necessity arose.
A constitution that has evolved is one that was not created at any given time by a group of people or an institution. It is the end consequence of an evolution process that was sluggish and gradual. Its laws and ideas have legal force since they are acknowledged as being widespread, requested, old, historical, and established traditions. The Constitution has undergone some significant changes as a result of amendments and judicial decisions. The Constitution has undergone some significant changes as a result of amendments and judicial decisions. The U.S. Constitution is the oldest surviving written constitution in the world. It was drafted in 1787 and ratified by nine of the original 13 states a year later.
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up to now, we've been measuring the percent transmittance of light passing through solutions. for this section, we're going to define two new quantities: transmittance and absorbance: transmittance (t) is the ratio of the intensity of light that remains after passing through a liquid compared to the original intensity before passing through the liquid: t
It is true that up until this point, we have only measured the percentage of light that solutions transmit. We will define transmittance and absorbance as two new terms in this section.
The ratio of the amount of light that is still present after passing through a liquid to its initial amount is known as the transmittance (t). A solution's absorbance is zero and its percent transmittance is 100% if all of the light flows through it undisturbed.
The % transmittance is 0 and the amount of absorption is unlimited if all the light is absorbed. The transmittance and the absorbance are inversely proportional, with an absorbance of 0 equivalent to a transmittance of 100% and an absorbance of 1 corresponding to a transmittance of 10%.
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Correct Question:
State true or false : Up to now, we've been measuring the percent transmittance of light passing through solutions. for this section, we're going to define two new quantities: transmittance and absorbance: transmittance (t) is the ratio of the intensity of light that remains after passing through a liquid compared to the original intensity before passing through the liquid.
Political systems, the systems of government in nations, differ from country to country. It is important to understand the nature of different political systems and develop an awareness of and appreciation for the significance of national differences.A political system is the system of government in a nation. Political systems are assessed according to two dimensions. The first is the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individualism. The second is the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian. These dimensions are interrelated and may share certain characteristics.Match the political system to the country:
The most important of these classification techniques is unquestionably Plato and Aristotle's attempt to categories the primary forms of government in terms of the number.
The governing structure of a nation is referred to as its political system. To analyse political systems, consider two dimensions. The first is the degree to which collectivism is emphasised at the expense of individuality. How democratic or dictatorial they are is the second aspect.
The political economics approach to the study of comparative politics is one way to look at this relationship. It implies that there is a link between politics and economics, and that this link works and presents itself in a number of different ways. It encompasses the entirety of this relationship.
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which of the following is the brief detention of a person by law enforcement agents for questioning?
Stop is the brief detention of a person by law enforcement agents for questioning.
The correct answer is Option A.
The police holds the right to detain a person for a brief period of time for the purpose of questioning him/her.
However, these arrests cannot be arbitrary in nature. They are subject to the requirements of the Fourth Amendment and need to uphold the test of reasonableness.
The common law principle that has been formulated by the courts in this regard is that the police officers shall have the right to arrest any person whom they have some cause to believe had cause any wrongdoing even in the absence of any warrant for the purposes of questioning.
This brief detention cannot exceed 24 hours.
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The question is incomplete. The complete question is
Which of the following is the brief detention of a person by law enforcement agents for questioning?
a. Stop
b. Frisk
C. Arrest
D. Preventive Detention
which of the following is the correct pairing of powers found in the articles of confederation and powers found in the constitution? responses articles of confederation united states constitution protection of individual liberties no protection of specific individual rights articles of confederation united states constitution protection of individual liberties no protection of specific individual rights articles of confederation united states constitution powerful executive branch federal government supreme over states articles of confederation united states constitution powerful executive branch federal government supreme over states articles of confederation united states constitution unicameral legislature bicameral legislature articles of confederation united states constitution unicameral legislature bicameral legislature articles of confederation united states constitution amendment requires unanimity of all states amendment requires the president's approval
While the Constitution employs signing statements to create legislation, the Articles of Confederation stipulated that an amendment required the unanimous consent of all states.
Legislation is the action or outcome of a legislature, parliament, or comparable governing body enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws. Before becoming law, a piece of legislation may be referred to as a bill. However, while it is still being considered, it may simply be referred to as "legislation" to separate it from other activity. Laws can be used to regulate, permit, forbid, furnish (funds), sanction, grant, declare, or impose limitations. A legislative act's jurisdiction may allow an executive or administrative body to compare it to a non-legislative act. A member of the legislature (such as a member of Congress or Parliament) or the executive usually proposes legislation, which is then discussed and frequently revised by other members of the legislature before being passed. Only a small portion of the proposals introduced during a given session are usually passed by the majority of large legislatures. Generally speaking, the government's legislative priorities determine whether a certain law will be submitted.
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Which of the following occurs every ten years after the U.S. census and determines how many seats a state receives in the House of Representatives?
Apportionment occurs every ten years after the U.S. census and determines how many seats a state receives in the House of Representatives.
What is Apportionment?A legislative body's allocation of members to eligible administrative groups, such as states or parties, is known as proportional representation. The underlying concepts and problems of apportionment are discussed on this page. The division of the 435 memberships, or seats, in the House of Representatives among the 50 states is known as "apportionment." The census is carried out by the Census Bureau every ten years. The numbers obtained from each census are used to determine how many House seats each state is eligible for. The seats in the House are allocated based on state populations in accordance with the constitutionally required Census. The Constitution guarantees proportional representation in the U.S. House of Representatives.To learn more about Apportionment refer to:
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first minted in 2000, whose likeness was on the face-side of the u.s. dollar coin?
The dollar coin first minted in 2000 featured the likeness of Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman who helped guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804-1806.
What are the key points about Sacagawea and the coin:Sacagawea was only about 16 years old when she joined the expedition.She acted as an interpreter and guide for the explorers, helping them navigate through unfamiliar territories and communicating with Native American tribes they encountered.The Sacagawea dollar was first minted in 2000 and was produced until 2008.The coin was made of a manganese-brass alloy, which was intended to make it more durable and resistant to wear than previous dollar coins.The design on the coin was created by Glenna Goodacre, a sculptor known for her public monuments and memorials.The coin was intended to replace the Susan B. Anthony dollar, which had not been widely accepted by the public due to its similarity in size and color to the quarter.It was issued to celebrate the new millennium and the 100th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.To learn more about Sacagawea and the coin refer:
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a state that assumes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens
The welfare state is a form of government in which the state or a well-established set of social organizations provide its citizens a minimum level of financial security.
The wellbeing of its citizens, both personally and socially, is by definition the responsibility of the government in a welfare state. A fjord, like the Sognefjord, is defined as a glacially overdeepened valley that is extended below sea level, typically narrow and steepsided, and naturally fills with seawater. It has been said that the Great Depression, World War I, and World War II all had a significant role in the development of the welfare state and the use of state interventionism to address issues like lost output, high unemployment, and other issues. a country whose administration is dedicated to improving economic and social well-being through wealth redistribution and other initiatives funded by the government. The Nordic countries, which have the highest social capital in the world, have high levels of civic engagement, ethnic homogeneity, social equality, and low levels of public corruption.
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staggered elections multiple choice apply only in situations where multiple classes of stock exist. primarily benefit minority shareholders. increase turnover on the board of directors. are used with straight voting. help prevent takeovers.
Only some of the seats in an elected body are up for election at the same time in elections that are known as staggered elections.
What are staggered elections in the Senate?Elections that are staggered only have some of the seats in an elected body up for election at the same time. For instance, while all US senators are elected at the same time, they each serve a six-year term. Instead, contests for one-third of the Senate's seats are contested every two years.
In order to allow for one-third elections every two years, the seats of the senators from the first class must be vacated at the end of the second year, those from the second class at the end of the fourth year, and those from the third class at the end of the sixth year. If vacancies occur due to resignation, these dates must also be observed.
Therefore, the correct answer is option e) help prevent takeovers.
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Why did the British insist on keeping forts in American Territories?
They insisted on keeping forts in American Territories because the king was obliged to retain some official presence in America until Americans chose to repay their debts to Britain's merchants.
Why did the delegates from the colonies want to form a union?The 13 colonies banded together throughout the war to declare independence from British domination. The states were vastly different from one another, yet they understood that they needed to come together in order to thrive and prosper. The states collaborated to establish a centralized government. By refusing to hand up western forts as agreed upon in the Treaty of Paris during the Revolutionary War, Great Britain had transgressed American sovereignty. 2.) Great Britain started intercepting American maritime vessels and enlisting the people on board in her armed forces.They insisted on maintaining forts in American territories because the monarch was compelled to maintain an official presence in the country until Americans made the decision to pay back their debts to British traders.To learn more about American Territories refer to:
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Have racism and ideological rhetoric undermined our ability to create a popular critical
discourse about our state and federal policies/budgets? Answer asap please
The economic security of every American, regardless of race, is impacted by racial gaps in educational and economic performance because they have been found to hinder the growth of the country's economy as a whole.
What is federal policies?The body of laws that a nation's federal government has produced is known as federal law. When many political entities, such states or provinces, decide to form a federation, the federal government is established. Any action done by a US federal government branch is referred to as "policy" in this context. Executive orders, statutes, and rules/regulations are the basic categories into which these activities fall. Various processes lead to the adoption of laws, rules, and presidential orders. SSI and Social Security Act (SSA) regulations. laws against racial, age, gender, and disability discrimination that are enacted by the federal government. patent and copyright regulations. legislation against tax fraud and money fraud, for example, are federal criminal statutes.To learn more about federal policies refer to:
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