The SN2 reaction is a type of nucleophilic substitution reaction in which a nucleophile (Nu) attacks the carbon atom of a substrate (S) from the back side, causing the inversion of configuration and the formation of a new carbon-nucleophile bond.
How to arrange these species from fastest sn2 reaction rate to slowest sn2 reaction rate?The rate of the reaction depends on several factors such as the nature of the nucleophile, the substrate, and the leaving group. In general, the reaction rate increases as the nucleophile becomes more basic, the substrate becomes more polarizable and the leaving group becomes more weakly basic.The order of the reaction rate for the given species is:1-bromo-3-methylbutane > 2-bromo-2-methylbutane > 2-bromo-3-methylbutane > bromomethane1-bromo-3-methylbutane has the fastest reaction rate because it has the most stable carbocation intermediate, due to the presence of the methyl group, which inductively stabilizes the intermediate.2-bromo-2-methylbutane has a faster reaction rate than 2-bromo-3-methylbutane because it has the most stable carbocation intermediate, due to the presence of the methyl group, which inductively stabilizes the intermediate.2-bromo-3-methylbutane has a faster reaction rate than bromomethane because it has a more stable carbocation intermediate due to the presence of the methyl group, which inductively stabilizes the intermediate.Bromomethane has the slowest reaction rate because it has a less stable carbocation intermediate due to the absence of any methyl groups that would inductively stabilize the intermediate.It's important to note that the order is based on the stability of the carbocation intermediate, and not the nucleophile.To learn more about reaction rate refer:
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A solution contains 358.8g of sodium, 7.8g of
hydrogen and 41.6g of oxygen. What is the
empirical formula of the compound present in
the solution?
Ar of Sodium = 23
Ar of Hydrogen = 1
Ar of Oxygen = 16
Just the atoms that make up a molecule are shown using the empirical formula.
What exactly is an empirical formula?
In contrast to theory or belief, empirical research develops knowledge from actual experience based on observable and quantifiable phenomena.
An empirical formula is a chemical formula for a compound that only specifies the ratios of the elements present in the compound and not the exact number or arrangement of atoms.
Simply displaying the atoms that make up a molecule using the empirical formula is typical. This is useful if you want to recognize the elements you're working with quickly. When determining how many atoms of each element are present, the molecular formula is useful.
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Please help ASAP
Which process requires the absorption of energy
Condensation
Depostion
Vaporization
Freezing
Answer: Condensation
Explanation:
Answer: Melting
Explanation:
What is H2O formula?.
Answer:
The basic molecular formula for water, H₂O, suggests a simple structure of three atoms in a straight line. But the physical properties of the three atoms force another arrangement — a “V” shape with oxygen at the point. This nonlinear shape transforms water into a remarkable substance with astounding abilities.
Explanation:
(◕ᴗ◕✿)(◕ᴗ◕✿)(◕ᴗ◕✿)
if the atmospheric pressure in the laboratory is 1.2 atm, how many moles of gas were in each syringe?
room temp water (temp): 21.5°C
room temp water (volume (mL) Air): 5.03
The moles of gas were in each syringe exists 2.583 x 10⁻⁴ mol.
How to estimate the moles of gas were in each syringe?Given: Temperature of water (H₂O) = 21.3°C
Convert Temperature to Kelvin
T = °C + 273
substitute the values in the above equation, we get
T = 21.3 + 273 = 294.3 K
volume of (H₂O) gaseous state = 5.1 mL
Convert mL to liter
1000 mL = 1 L
5.1 ml = 5.1/1000 = 0.0051 L
Pressure = 1.2 atm
Number of moles can be calculated by using ideal gas formula
PV = nRT
Rearrange the equation for number of moles
n = PV / RT . . . . . . . . . (1)
Let P be the pressure
V be the Volume
T be the Temperature
n be the Number of moles
R be the ideal gas constant
Where, R = 0.08206 L. atm / mol. K
Substitute the value in formula (1) to estimate number of moles
n = 1.2 atm x 0.0051 L / 0.08206 L.atm.mol⁻¹. K⁻¹ x 294.3 K
simplifying the equation, we get
n = 0.0061 atm. L / 24.162 L.atm.mol⁻¹
n = 2.525 x 10⁻⁴ mol
no. of moles of gas (H₂O) = 2.525 x 10⁻⁴ mol
Part B:
Temperature of water (H₂) = 21.3°C
Convert Temperature to Kelvin, we get
T = °C + 273
T = 21.3 + 273 = 294.3 K
volume of (H₂) gas = 5.2 mL
Convert mL to liter
1000 mL = 1 L
5.2 ml = 5.2/1000 = 0.0052 L
Pressure = 1.2 atm
no. of moles can be calculated by using ideal gas formula
PV = nRT
Rearrange the equation for no. of moles
n = PV / RT . . . . . . . . . (1)
where, R = 0.08206 L. atm / mol. K
substitute the value in formula (1) to estimate number of moles
n = 1.2 atm x 0.0052 L / 0.08206 L.atm.mol⁻¹. K⁻¹ x 294.3 K
simplifying the equation, we get
n = 0.0062 atm. L / 24.162 L.atm.mol⁻¹
n = 2.583 x 10⁻⁴ mol
Number of moles of gas (H₂) = 2.583 x 10⁻⁴ mol
The complete question is:
If the atmospheric pressure in the laboratory is 1.2 atm, how many moles of gas were in each syringe?
Air(H2O) syringe
Room temperature water at 21.3 degrees Celsius
Volume of 5.1 mL
Hydrogen(H2) syringe
Room temperature water at 21.3 degrees Celsius
Volume of 5.2 mL
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the empirical formula for trichloroisocyanuric acid, the active ingredient in many household bleaches, is ocncl. the molar mass of this compound is 232.41 g/mol. what is the molecular formula of trichloroisocyanuric acid?
Answer:
C3Cl3N3O3
Explanation:
The "trichloro-" tells us there are 3 chlorines (Cl).
Set up a table of the elements along with their molar masses, See the attached spreadsheet.
By changing the number of each atom, we can calculate the resulting molar mass, shown at the lower right, in green. One can try various numbers for each element in the compound, but understand the chemistry helps.
The 3 Cl atoms add 106.4 g/mole to the total of 232.4 g/mole. I know there are probably 3 carbon atoms, and that adds another 36.0 g/mole. The remaining 90.0 g/mole must consist of N and Cl atoms. 3 N atoms would contribute 42.0 g/mole, leaving 42 g/mole. Oxygen has a molar mass of 16 g/mole, so if we add 3 O atoms, that would make up the remaining 42.0 grams/mole.
This would not be easy to do without more information, but I had a sense for what the structure might look like, and went with those guesses, to arrive at C3Cl3N3O3
What is the name for the conditions when the
temperature is equal to 273 Kelvins (K) and the pressure
is equal to 1 atmosphere (atm)?
Answer:
The conditions when the temperature is equal to 273 Kelvins (K) and the pressure is equal to 1 atmosphere (atm) is known as the "Standard temperature and pressure" (STP) and not the "Triple point" of water.
STP is a standard reference point used in physics and chemistry to compare and describe the properties of different substances.
STP is an abbreviation for Standard Temperature and Pressure, which is 273 K (0 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm pressure (or 105 Pa). STP describes standard conditions and is frequently used to calculate gas density and volume based on the Ideal Gas Law. In this case, 1 mole of an ideal gas takes up 22.4 L.
What do you mean by STP ?The nominal conditions in the atmosphere at sea level are referred to as standard temperature and pressure (STP). These are the conditions: 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere (atm).
STP is an abbreviation for standard pressure and temperature, whereas NTP is an abbreviation for normal pressure and temperature.
According to IUPAC, the STP value of pressure and temperature for gas is 273.15 K and 0.987 atm, respectively. NTP pressure and temperature are 293.15 K and 1 atm, respectively.
Thus, STP is the name for the conditions when the temperature is equal to 273 Kelvins (K) and the pressure is equal to 1 atmosphere (atm).
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Both iron and copper are metals that are considered good conductors of electricity. However, copper
wires are preferred to iron wires for electrical connections. With reference to the factors affecting
resistance, can you explain why copper is preferred over?
Answer:
Because its prictects that's why people pefer copper wires
The substances at the start of a chemical reaction that change to other substances are known as _______?
The substances at the start of a chemical reaction that change to other substances are known as reactants.
What is a Chemical reaction ?
When one or more chemicals are transformed into one or more other compounds, a chemical reaction takes place. Example: the formation of rust when iron and oxygen combine. Sodium acetate, carbon dioxide, and water are produced when vinegar and baking soda are combined.
Reactants are the substance(s) in a chemical equation to the left of the arrow. A component that is present at the outset of a chemical reaction is known as a reactant. Products are the substance(s) to the right of the arrow. A substance that remains after a chemical reaction is complete is known as a product.
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a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
Atomic orbitals are the regions of space around the nucleus of an atom where there is high probability of an electron to be found.
Atomic orbitals are the mathematical functions that provide an insight into the wave nature of electrons (or pairs of electrons) that exist around the nuclei of atoms. In the field of quantum mechanics and that of atomic theory, these mathematical functions of atoms are often employed in order to determine the probability of finding an electron (positive charged particles belonging to an atom) in a specific region, around the nucleus of the atom.
The characteristics of each atomic orbital of an atom are dependent upon the values of the following three quantum numbers:
The principal quantum number (denoted by the symbol ‘n’)The azimuthal quantum number (denoted by the symbol ‘l’), which is also known as the orbital angular momentum quantum number.The magnetic quantum number (denoted by the symbol ‘ml’)Furthermore, it has to be noted that each atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons in itself. In completely occupied/filled atomic orbitals, i.e. the atomic orbitals containing two electrons, each of the two electrons has an equal and opposite spin, as when compared to the other.
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Please help please nowww pleaseee
which metal oxides can react with carbonmonoxide in the same way as zinc oxide
Answer:The reaction of zinc oxide with carbon monoxide forms the product zinc metal and carbon dioxide. Zinc oxide is reduced to metallic zinc and carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
As the frequency of an electromagnetic wave increases, the amount of energy in that wave.
An electromagnetic wave's energy rose as its frequency increased.
Electromagnetic wave -In terms of science, electromagnetic radiation is made up of electromagnetic field waves that travel over space while carrying electromagnetic radiant energy and momentum.
It consists of X-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, infrared, light, and radio waves. Since the electric and magnetic fields are oscillating, the waves of energy are known as electromagnetic (EM).
They are categorised by scientists based on their frequency or wavelength, from high frequency to low frequency (short to long wavelength).
The following details must to be taken into account:
The energy should increase as the electromagnetic wave does.
All of this calls for a reduction in speed and wavelength.
Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that an electromagnetic wave's energy rose as its frequency increased.
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starting with sodium oxide describe how a sample of crystals of sodium hydrogen carbonate may be prepared?
This can be achieved by bubbling carbon dioxide through a sodium oxide solution, followed by the addition of water to cause the crystals to precipitate.
Explain about the process for making sodium hydrogen carbonate.In order to make sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium oxide (Na2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water can be combined (H2O). Following is the reaction:
NaHCO3 is produced when Na2O, CO2, and water are combined.
Carbon dioxide and sodium oxide must first be mixed in a reaction vessel in order to prepare a sample of sodium hydrogen carbonate crystals. The two reactants can be dispersed uniformly by stirring this mixture to help with that.
Then, after cooling the liquid until sodium hydrogen carbonate crystals form, the vessel should be heated until the reaction is finished. In order to use the crystals again, the reaction vessel can then be opened.
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pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, and the more acidic a solution is. Alkaline or basic solutions have lower concentrations of hydrogen ions and a pH above 7. Which of the following substances has the highest pH value?A.Pineapple juiceB.Caustic sodaC.WineD.Blood
Caustic soda is the following substances has the highest pH value.
What is pH?A solution's acidity or alkalinity can be determined by its pH. On a scale from 0 to 14, where 7 representing neutral, it is measured. A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered acidic, while a solution with a pH greater than 7 is considered basic or alkaline. Sources have a pH above 7, while acids get a pH below 7. A pH of 0 is strongly acidic, while a pH of 14 is strongly basic. The pH of a solution can be affected by adding acids or bases.
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Someone help answer this whole page I have 50 points up for grab
Answer:
(a) Hexadecane
(b) A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.
(c) Ammonia contains nitrogen and hydrogen, which are both nonmetals. So nitrogen forms three covalent bonds with the three hydrogen present. Each hydrogen atom has two electrons (stable state corresponding to K-shell) while the nitrogen atom gets a full, stable octet.
How many grams of sucrose are needed to make 150 mL of 0.5 M sucrose ?
To make 150 mL of 0.5 M sucrose, you need to add 75 grams of sucrose.
This is calculated by multiplying the volume (150 mL) by the molarity (0.5) and then multiplying that by the molecular weight of sucrose (342.3 g/mol). The equation looks like this:
150 mL × 0.5 M × 342.3 g/mol = 75 g sucrose
This is calculated by multiplying the volume of sucrose (150 mL) by the concentration (0.5 M) to get the total moles of sucrose needed, which is then multiplied by the molecular weight of sucrose (342 g/mol) to get the total grams of sucrose needed.
Therefore, 75 grams of sucrose is required to make 150 mL of 0.5 M sucrose.
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what is the relationship between electron affinity and atomic radius?
Atomic radius and electron affinity are inversely connected; as ionisation energy rises and atomic radius decreases, electron affinity rises. The basic mechanism is proton-electron attraction.
When the radius is small, protons considerably attract electrons (meaning ionisation energy and electron affinity are high). The ionization energy is the lowest energy that an electron in a gaseous atom or ion needs absorb in order to elude the nucleus's grasp. The electron (e or) is a subatomic particle with a negatively polarised initial electric charge of one. The electron, a member of the first generation of the lepton particle family, is usually regarded as an elementary particle because it has no known components or substructure.
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Which generalized equation represents a double displacement reaction?A. A + BC → AC + BB. AC +BD → AD + BCC.AB → A + B
AC +BD AD + is the generalized equation that depicts a double displacement reaction. A generalized equation for a double displacement reaction would be AC +BD AD + BC.
A salt metathesis reaction, also known as a double displacement reaction, is a chemical reaction that involves the exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species, producing products having comparable or equal bonding affiliations. [1] The following broad framework represents this reaction: Ionic or covalent bonds can form between interacting species. These reactions often result in the precipitation of a single product. The word "double decomposition" appears frequently in ancient literature. When at least one of the compounds does not dissolve in the solvent because the ligand or ion exchange occurs in the solid form of the reactant, the phrase double decomposition is employed.
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If a student begins with 91.7 grams of Mg what would the theoretical yield of MgO in grams would be possible for the student to obtain?
2Mg + O2 --> 2MgO
According to the concept of percent yield and theoretical yield , the theoretical yield of magnesium oxide is 152.32 grams.
What is percent yield?Percent yield is defined as the ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100. If the actual and theoretical yield are same then the percent yield is 100%.If actual yield is less than the theoretical yield then the percent yield is less than 100%.Reason of this condition arising is the incompletion of reaction or loss of sample during recovery process.
In the given reaction, 48.4 g magnesium gives 80.4 g magnesium oxide , thus 91.7 g magnesium will give 91.7×80.4/48.4=152.32 g.
Thus, the theoretical yield of magnesium oxide is 152.32 grams.
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what is the percent yield if 18 grams of water are produced when 4 grams of hydrogen with excess oxygen?
50 % is the yeild of reaction, expressed in percentage terms, if 4 grams of hydrogen and extra oxygen produce 18 grams of water
The reaction involving the process is:
[tex]2H_2+O_2- > 2H_2O[/tex]
so the number of moles of water is same as the number of moles of hydrogen given that oxygen is in excess so hydrogen is limiting reagent
number of moles of hydrogen = given mass/ molar mass
=> 4 /2
=>2
number of moles of water = given mass / molar mass
=> 18/18
=>1
so the 1 mole of water is formed by 2 moles of hydrogen so the percentage yeild is given as:
[tex]\frac{moles of water}{moles of hydrogen}[/tex] *100
=> 1/2 *100
=> 50
so the yeild of the reaction is 50%
What is limiting reagent?A limiting reagent is a reactant that entirely consumes itself before any other reactants are used up in a chemical reaction, hence restricting the amount of product that may be created. It can be found by comparing the proportions of each component in the reaction and its stoichiometry. Once the limiting reagent has been determined, the amount of product that can be generated can be computed using the reaction's stoichiometry.
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Calculate q, the heat released in each reaction.
Use the equation q = cmAT.
(Use c = 4.18 J/g °C and the total mass, m.)
Record to 2 significant figures.
Reaction 1: blank J
Reaction 2: blank J
The heat released in each reaction is:
Reaction 1: 3700J
Reaction 2: 3200J
What is heat?
Heat is a transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another or from an energy source to a medium or object. A similar energy transfer can be done in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.The standard unit of heat in the International System of Units( SI) is the calorie( cal), which is the quantum of energy transferred needed to raise the temperature of one gram of pure liquid water by one degree Celsius, assuming that the temperature of the water is advanced. advanced than the freezing point and lower than the boiling pointTo know more about heat, click the link given below:
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Which element contains a full second energy level?
An element which contains a fully filled second energy level i.e. it's valence shell is Neon (Ne), the tenth element in the periodic table.
Neon (Ne) is a chemical element in the periodic table with an atomic mass (Z) of 10. It is an inert gas placed in the Group 18 (group of noble gases) of the periodic table. It is used in electric signs and fluorescent lamps. The gas is colourless, odourless, tasteless, and lighter than air in weight. Neon gas naturally occurs in minute quantities in Earth’s atmosphere and is trapped within the rocks of Earth’s crust. Though neon is about 31/2 times as plentiful/abundant as helium in the atmosphere, dry air contains only 0.0018 percent neon by volume. Although, this element is more abundant in the cosmos than on the Earth.
An electronic configuration, which is also called a electronic structure or a electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around the atomic nucleus of an atom. The electronic configuration of an atom in the quantum-mechanical model is stated or written by listing the occupied orbitals, in the order of filling, with the number of electrons in each orbital indicated by a superscript.
The electronic configuration of Neon is 1s²2s²2p⁶ or [He] 2p⁶. The second energy level has two types of orbitals namely 2s and 2p. There is a single 2s orbital and 3 2p orbitals in the second energy level and as a single orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, the total maximum number of electrons in the second energy level can be 2+6 = 8. Thus, a fully filled second energy level will be configured as 2s²2p⁶, as seen in the case of Neon.
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What is the kinetic energy of a 10 kg object moving with a speed of 5 m s?.
125 J is the kinetic energy of a 10 kg object moving with a speed of 5 m/s.
Weight of the object(m) = 10 kg
speed of the object (v) = 5 [tex]\frac{m}{s}[/tex]
kinetic energy formula = [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex] m[tex]v^{2}[/tex]
∴ K.E = [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex] (10) [tex](5)^{2}[/tex]
= 125 J
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has while in motion. An object can only be accelerated by the application of a force. Applying force requires effort on our part. Energy is transmitted to the object once the work is accomplished, at which point it moves at a new, constant speed. Kinetic energy is a type of energy present in moving particles or objects. When work, which entails the transfer of energy, is done on an object by applying a net force, that object acquires kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is the term for the energy present in an object in motion.
Arguably the most important property of kinetic energy is its ability to do work.
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At the edge of the exosphere earths gravity is about ____ what it is on earths surface
At the edge of the exosphere earths gravity is about halfway to the Moon___
What is exosphere?
Exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere to 6,200 miles (10,000 km ) above the earth. In this layer atoms and molecules escape into space and satellites orbit the earth.
characteristics of the exosphere are :
The exobase begins 500 to 1000 kilometers above Earth's surface.The exosphere extends at least 10,000 kilometers above Earth's surface.The exosphere is so thin and of such low density that the molecules and atoms that compose it essentially never collide.Therefore, Exosphere starts at a distance of 311 to 621 miles from the earth's surface and ends approximately at 6200 miles away from the earth's surface.
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B: What is the relative humidity if the dry-bulb temperature is 16°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 12°C?
Answer:
Since wet is12 and dry is 16
You take 16-12=4
the periodic law states that elements that have similar properties appear.T/F
The periodic law states that elements that have similar properties appear is true.
What is periodic law ?
Observations collected by scientists in the 19th century served as the foundation for periodic law. The contributions of Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer in particular revealed trends in the characteristics of the elements. In 1869, they independently put forth the idea of periodic law.
What is elements ?
A crucial component of a whole. a simple substance that cannot be divided into smaller components or transformed into another substance is referred to as in chemistry. Atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the building blocks of an element. One element has a fixed number of protons in each of its atoms.
Therefore, periodic law states that elements that have similar properties appear is true.
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Predict the polarity of 6 real molecules (O2, HF, H2O, NH3, CF4, CH3F). First, draw the
molecules and any bond dipoles. Then draw any molecular dipoles. Explain your
reasoning before you check your predictions with the simulation.
The polarity of 6 real molecules are given below,
O2- Neutral
HF- Acidic
H2O- Neutral
NH3- Basic
CF4-Nonpolar
CH3F- Polar
How to determine polarity of molecules?Predicting the polarity of molecules can be done using a variety of methods. One method is to use the molecular dipole moment, which is a measure of the separation of positive and negative charge in a molecule. Molecular dipole moments can be calculated using quantum chemistry methods such as Density Functional Theory, or other methods. Another method is to consider the electronegativity of the atoms in the molecule and the type of bond between them. Non-polar molecules have atoms with similar electronegativities and strong covalent bonds, while polar molecules have atoms with different electronegativities and polar covalent or ionic bonds. Finally, the polarity of a molecule can also be predicted by looking at its shape and symmetry. Non-polar molecules often have symmetrical shapes, while polar molecules tend to be asymmetrical.To learn more about polarity of molecules refer :
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What does a Ka value of approximately 1 show about the equilibrium?
A.
The solution can act as both an acid and a base.
B.
The acid has completely dissociated.
C.
Very little of the acid has dissociated.
D.
Some of the acid has dissociated.
Answer: A
Explanation: I don’t know the answer
Answer: A
Explanation: because it shows why it is on equilibrium
Given the system , which is true? the system has no solutions. The system has exactly one solution. The system has exactly three solutions. The system has an infinite number of solutions.
There is just one solution for the system. The best choice is B.
What exactly is an equation system?A set of simultaneous equations, often known as a system of equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought.
If we plot the graph of the linear equation, we will get a straight line because an equation is defined as the relationship between two variables.
Calculate the equation's determinant to determine if a system of equations has one solution or none at all.
The square matrix's entries determine the determinant, a scalar quantity. It makes it possible to describe a few features of the matrix and the linear map that the matrix symbolises.
By constructing the matrix from the provided constants using the equation, the determinant will be determined.
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-1&-3&-4\\-1&2&-4\\2&-1&5\end{array}\right][/tex]
D = -1( 10 - 4 ) +3( -5 + 8) -4 ( 1 - 4)
D =-6 + 9 + 12
D = 15
Hence, the system has exactly one solution.
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Complete Question -
Given the system
-x-3y – 4z=2
-x+2y-4z = 0, which is true?
2x-y+ 5z = 1
a)The system has no solutions.
b)The system has exactly one solution.
c)The system has exactly three solutions.
d)The system has an infinite number of solutions
how would having too much sample in the melting point tube most likely affect a melting point measurement?
The melting point will be lower than expected.
In general, while using the sample this can result in causing longer melting time altering the melting point range for the sample. It results because of the rapid heating of the apparatus. Hence, difference between the observed melting point and the true melting point will increase.
Hence, when a Compounds melt over a wide range are pretended to be relatively impure. Besides melting over a wide range, adulterated solids also melt at a temperature lower than that for the pure compound. Melting point is also known as an intensive property of matter. Intensive properties doesn't depend on the quantity of the substance present.
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