stomata are pores on the surfaces of the leaves and stems of plants that regulate gas exchange between the plants and the atmosphere. researchers found that the stomata density on the leaves of a species of plant change as the concentration of co2 in the atmosphere changes. when grown at 350 ppm co2 the plant has an average density of 300 stomata per mm2, but when grown at 400 ppm co2 the plant has an average density of 250 stomata per mm2. which of the following best describes how the ratio of the density of stomata (stomata per mm2) per co2 concentration (ppm co2) changes as the co2 concentration increases?
The ratio decreases from 0.86 to 0.63, because fewer stomata are needed at higher CO2 concentrations.
The ratio of 300 stomata per mm2 to 350 ppm CO2 is 0.86, and the ratio of 250 stomata per mm2 to 400 ppm CO2 is 0.63. This reflects that fewer stomata are needed as the concentration of CO2 increases.
what is stomata?
Stomata are cell structures in epidermis of tree leaves and needles that are involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide and water between plants and the atmosphere.
Stomata are tiny pores through which plants breathe. Stomata are found on the upper and lower sides of leaves, on flower petals, on stems, on roots.
Stomata are epithelial cell structures found in tree leaves and needles that help promote plant growth and exchange carbon dioxide and water with surrounding environment.
It helps in removing water from leaves. - It takes carbon dioxide and gives out oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. - It helps in regulating water movement through transpiration. Stomata facilitates gaseous exchange.
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You notice that one of your coworkers is disposing of contaminated materials in the regular trash. You have seen her throw away her gloves, blood-soaked gauze, and tubes of blood in the trash receptacle that is used for paper products and other regular waste. Discuss what possible effects this coworker's actions have on other employees and explain how the employee should have disposed of the contaminated materials.
Answer: Disposing of contaminated waste along with regular trash, such as paper products, is a health hazard and can have severe consequences in the workplace.
Explanation: Biomedical waste such as contaminated gloves, blood-soaked gauze, and tubes of blood are usually incinerated and never disposed of along with regular trash. If a coworker does so, other employees will be exposed to the risk of being infected by multiple microorganisms that are present in the contaminated materials. Contact with infectious waste can also result in the spread of life-threatening viral diseases as well.
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11 Which function does not occur in the kidneys? A breakdown of alcohol B C D removal of excess salts from the blood removal of excess water from the blood removal of urea from the blood
The correct answer is A: Breakdown of alcohol.
The kidneys primary function is to filter blood and remove waste products, such as urea, and excess water and salts, which are then excreted as urine. The breakdown of alcohol is done by the liver and not the kidneys.
The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the back of the abdomen that play a vital role in maintaining the overall health of the body. The main function of the kidneys is to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood and convert them into urine.
This process is known as filtration. The kidneys also regulate the levels of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium and calcium in the blood, and control the balance of acid and base in the body.
The kidneys also play a role in regulating blood pressure by producing a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells and help to conserve oxygen in the body.
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The Complete question is:
11 Which function does not occur in the kidneys?
A. breakdown of alcohol
B. removal of excess salts from the blood
C. removal of excess water from the blood
D. removal of urea from the blood
which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (co2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
Acetyl CoA is the intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO₂) from one molecule of pyruvate.
The removal of one carbon atom from one molecule of pyruvate results in the formation of which of the following molecules, which enters the citric acid cycle?A molecule of carbon dioxide will be removed from pyruvate in the mitochondria, resulting in a two-carbon acetyl group that will be taken up by a carrier substance called coenzyme A (CoA), which is created from vitamin B5. Acetyl CoA is the resultant substance.
The two pyruvate molecules lose their carboxyl groups (the removed carbon molecules are released as CO₂) and combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA after glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle.
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What can you do to help sentient beings?
In our midst, like bugs. Offering them sanctified food or drink, chanting prayers, and sending sentient creatures mantras are a few suggestions for how to help them.
Are all creatures conscious?
Sentient beings are those that possess centralised neural systems. This contains several types of plants, mammals, archaea, protists, fungus, and bacteria. It is possible that certain creatures with extremely straightforward centralised neural systems aren't really sentient yet, although this is an unresolved issue.
What does the Buddhist term sentient mean?
Buddhists define sentient beings as creatures with cognition, sentience, or, in certain cases, actual existence. The 5 aggregates, or skandhas, that make up sentient beings are matter, sense, perception, mental formations, and awareness.
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As the human population grows, people are using more resources. If this trend continues, which of these would you expect to be a limiting factor for the human population?
A. Pollution in the environment will decrease as industrialization continues
B. overuse of soil will reduce the nitrogen it contains, limiting its fertility
C. The amount of clean water will be increased through new technologies
D. new soil will be created as land is cleared for housing and farms.
Option B -Overuse of soil will reduce the nitrogen it contains, limiting its fertility this would expect to be a limiting factor for the human population.
Generally speaking, our use of natural resources rises as the human population grows. Generally speaking, our use of natural resources rises as the human population grows. More people use more resources like freshwater, land, clothes, etc. According to latest estimates, the increase of the global population has slowed during the last ten years. Environmentalists are nevertheless worried about the effects of global population growth despite this trend, primarily because: A small developing nation with very low rates of immigration and emigration is experiencing a demographic shift.
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Which of the following is true concerning acquired circulating pathologic inhibitors to single coagulation factors?
a. They do not cause bleeding symptoms.
b. They cause the same symptoms in the patient as an inherited deficiency of the same factor.
c. They are often found in patients with von Willebrand disease.
d. They are antibodies to the phospholipid in the coagulation reagents.
Acquired circulating pathologic inhibitors to single coagulation factors are an immune-mediated reaction, meaning they cause the same symptoms in the patient as an inherited deficiency of the same factor. The other options are not true.
What is immune-mediated reaction?A immune-mediated reaction is a type of immune response in which the body's immune system reacts inappropriately to a foreign agent or antigen. It is a form of hypersensitivity reaction in which the immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells, tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This can occur in response to a variety of different stimuli, ranging from infection to drugs, chemicals, or even food proteins. Symptoms of an immune-mediated reaction can range from mild to severe, depending on the severity of the reaction and the affected area of the body. Treatment options vary depending on the type of immune-mediated reaction. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation, regulate the immune system, and reduce symptoms, as well as lifestyle modifications to reduce stress and improve overall health.
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humans are designed to breathe through the mouth when possible, which filters the air on the way into the lungs.
False that humans are designed to breathe through the mouth when possible, which filters the air on the way into the lungs.
What is the main breathing organ of body ?Lungs. your lungs are sponge-like organs. Every time you breathe they filter oxygen from the air through tiny vessels into the blood. It is then carried to the heart to be pumped round your body.
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or the mouth, then travels down a pathway to the lungs. In the nostrils, air gets warmed and moistened. Tiny hairs in the nose called cilia filter out dust and other particles
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Which term is least closely related to the others?
a aerobic respiration
b lactic acid fermentation
c anaerobic respiration
d alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and alcoholic fermentation all processes are held in the absence of oxygen, while aerobic respiration is in the presence of oxygen, hence option A is correct.
What is an anaerobic condition?Many different kinds of organisms and cells use fermentation, another anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) process for breaking down glucose.
Glycolysis is the only energy extraction mechanism used throughout fermentation, with one or two additional processes added at the end.
Therefore, a metabolic process called lactic acid fermentation turns glucose into the metabolite lactate, which is the lactic acid in solution, and cellular energy.
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Biologists working in Spain say that their discovery of teeming life in a highly acidic
river may not only broaden the search for life, or for evidence of past life, no other
planets but also show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions
that scientists have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria.
A. show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that
scientists have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria
B. may show that a number of forms of microscopic life is capable of adapting to
conditions that scientists have long thought hostile to all bacteria but the hardiest
ones
C. shows a number of forms of microscopic life to be capable to adapt to conditions
that scientists have long thought had been hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria
D. showing that a number of forms of microscopic life is capable of adapting to
conditions that scientists have long thought had been hostile to all but the hardiest
bacteria
E. showing that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that
scientists have long thought hostile to all bacteria but the hardiest
According to Spanish biologists, their discovery of abundant life in a river with high acidity A. may not only broaden the search for life or evidence of past life on other planets but may also demonstrate that a variety of microscopic forms of life can adapt to environments that scientists have long considered hostile to all but the toughest bacteria.
Tropical rain forests or coral reefs, not rivers that are so acidic they have a pH of 2, which is somewhere between vinegar and stomach acid, are typically associated with biological diversity.
However, when an international team of biologists examined the Rio Tinto, a similar river in southwestern Spain, in greater detail, they discovered the following: hundreds of microbes, including one-celled algae, fungi, yeast, amoebas, and others, some of which appear to be unique to that river.
According to the biologists, their findings may broaden the search for life or evidence of life on other planets and demonstrate that a wide range of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that were previously thought to be hostile to all but the toughest bacteria.
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1 What does the codon sequence on the mRNA strand determine?
A The gene sequence of the DNA
B The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide
C The codon that is signaled
D The signaling sequence
2 What portion of the DNA is also known as a gene?
A The coding sections
B The non-coding sections
C The mRNA strand
D The polypeptide sequence
1. The correct answer is B.
2. The correct answer is A.
The codon sequence on the mRNA strand determines the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.
The coding section is the portion of the DNA that is also known as a gene. Genes are the functional units of DNA that provide the instructions for making proteins. They are composed of coding cells, also known as exons, that contain the information needed to build the polypeptide, and non-coding sections, also known as introns, that do not.
The codon sequence on the mRNA strand is translated by the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each codon, which is a sequence of three nucleotides, corresponds to a specific amino acid. The ribosome reads the codon sequence on the mRNA strand and adds the corresponding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. This process is called translation.
In DNA, genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. Genes are specific segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making a specific protein. These instructions are encoded in the sequence of nucleotides within the coding sections of the DNA, also known as exons. The non-coding sections, also known as introns, do not contain instructions for making proteins, but they play important roles in the regulation of gene expression.
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The stirrup is a part of the
a. outer ear
b. middle ear
c. inner ear
d. cochlea
The loudness of a sound depends on
a. frequency
b. intensity
c. overtones
d. timbre
The blending of fundamental tone and overtones produces a sound's
a. intensity
b. pitch
c. timbre
d. loudness
which of the following adaptations would you not expect to find in an organism that lives in an aquatic ecosystem?
The best answer among the choices is letter thick layer if blubber.
What is meant by layer ?
A thin layer of material on top of a surface, or a layer of material that is distinct from the layers on either side: Two coats of paint were applied.A layer of a material or substance is a quantity or portion of it that lies on top of something else or that is sandwiched in between two other objects.the layer is Layering in computer programming is the division of the code into distinct functional parts that interact sequentially and hierarchically, with each layer often having an interface that only connects to the layer above it and the layer below.To learn more about layer refer to
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"Any genetic difference among individuals that is present in multiple individuals in a population" is the definition of a(n):
Any genetic difference among individuals that is present in multiple individuals in a population" is the definition of a(n): polymorphism.
Polymorphism in biology is the presence of two or more obviously different morphs or forms, sometimes known as alternative phenotypes, in a species' population. To be categorized as such, morphs must share the same environment and be members of a panmictic population (one with random mating).
Simply said, polymorphism occurs when there are two or more possible traits on a gene. For example, there are several different traits for a jaguar's skin coloration; it might be pale or black.
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which of the following choices is correct when describing the principles of competitive radioimmunoassay procedures?
In radioimmunoassay, an antigen that has been tagged at a set concentration is incubated with an equal volume of antiserum until the percentage of antigen binding on the antibody reaches a limiting value.
About 40% of commonly prescribed medications are metabolised by the CYPs, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, & CYP2D6 [160]. The variability of an individual's sensitivity to drug-drug interactions and drug-metabolizing abilities is greatly influenced by various CYP allelic variations. Due to its lower levels during acute phase response, albumin is a "negative" acute protein. Higher temperatures and longer centrifugation times were associated with higher levels of vitamin D, zinc, ferritin, and creatinine. Even after 24 hours at room temperature, creatinine was still significantly impacted. In radioimmunoassay, an antigen that has been tagged at a set concentration is incubated with an equal volume of antiserum until the percentage of antigen binding on the antibody reaches a limiting value.When collecting samples, movement of the hand or arm muscles will cause the lactic acid content to artificially rise.
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T/F reversible gene silencing through frameshift indels and frameshift scars provide adaptive plasticity for mycobacterium tuberculosis
False, reversible gene silencing through frameshift indels and frameshift scars provide adaptive plasticity for mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, is known to have a high degree of genetic plasticity, which allows it to adapt to different environments and evade the host immune response. However, reversible gene silencing through frameshift indels and frameshift scars is not a known mechanism of adaptation for M. tuberculosis. Frameshift indels are mutations that occur in the DNA sequence and cause a shift in the reading frame, which can result in the production of truncated or non-functional proteins. Frameshift scars are specific DNA sequences that are known to cause frameshift mutations.
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how can evolutionary fitness be measured? how can evolutionary fitness be measured? determine which individuals are the strongest. count the number of healthy, fertile offspring produced. document how long individuals survive. determine which phenotype is the most common.
The term fitness is used by evolutionary biologists to describe how good a particular genotype is at leaving offspring in the next generation in comparison to other genotypes.
So, if brown beetles consistently produce more offspring than green beetles due to their color, you'd say the brown beetles were more fit.
The most common Rh positive phenotype was DCCee, while the most common Rh negative phenotype was ccee. A dominant allele causes a dominant phenotype in individuals who have only one copy of the allele, which can come from either parent.
For a recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent. The phenotype of an organism is determined by its genotype, which is the set of genes that organism carries, as well as environmental influences on these genes.
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Explain why it is incorrect to day that the mice changed because they wanted or needs to change?
Answer:
It is incorrect to say that the mice changed because they wanted or needed to change because evolution is not a conscious process driven by the choices or preferences of the organism. Evolution is a natural process which occurs over a long period of time and is driven by the process of natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with helpful mutations survive and reproduce more successfully than those without those mutations. Through this process, beneficial traits become more common over time and the population of organisms changes.
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biologists analyze a population of wild geese and determine that this particular population has a high level of genetic diversity. wild geese reproduce sexually. which of the following features of meiosis is most responsible for the genetic diversity in the wild geese?
The homologous double-chromatid chromosome pairs cross across and frequently swap chromosomal segments during prophase of meiosis I. In order to produce chromosomes with a diverse genetic makeup, this recombination allows genes from each parent to mix, resulting in genetic diversity.
What is meiosis I?The process by which most eukaryotic organisms—those whose cells have an ordered nucleus—produce sex cells, or the male and female gametes—is called meiosis. Two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent, are typically present in cells. The paired chromosomes are known as homologous, and this chromosome condition is diploid. One copy of each chromosome is found in each of the four haploid granddaughter cells that meiosis creates from a diploid cell. A species' genetic diversity is boosted through the procedure.Two cell generations go through meiosis at once. Each chromosome undergoes a normal cell division process called mitosis during which it is duplicated, resulting in twin sister chromatids on each chromosome. To create the following generation of identical chromosomes, these linked chromatids later split during mitosis. Each daughter cell only obtains one copy of each chromosome, or the haploid number, and each copy contains two chromatids during meiosis I since the chromatids do not separate during this process. The chromatids split apart and are dispersed to each gamete that is produced during meiosis II.To Learn more About meiosis I Refer To:
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select the appropriate theme of biology: fungi are decomposers that breakdown waste and the remains of dead organisms, changing complex molecules into simple nutrients making nutrients available for plants to take up from the soil.
The theme of biology that best applies to the statement "fungi are decomposers that break down waste and the remains of dead organisms, changing complex molecules into simple nutrients making available for plants to take up from the soil is ecology.
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment, including how living things interact with one another and with nonliving components of their surroundings. In this context, fungi play an important role in the ecosystem by breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and maintaining the balance of nutrient cycling. In this way, they contribute to the maintenance of soil fertility and the overall health of the ecosystem.
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the diagram shows patches of habitat that are either colonized (red dots) or not colonized (green dots). which conclusion can be drawn from the data? exam 2 patch group of answer choices patches that are very close to another occupied patch or that have large areas are most likely to be colonized. patches that have the largest area and are farthest away from another occupied patch are most likely to be colonized. patches that have the smallest area and are closest to another occupied patch are most likely to be colonized. patches with the smallest area are most likely to be colonized; the distance to the nearest occupied patch does not affect colonization rates.
The correct option is C .Patches that are very close to another occupied patch or that have large areas are most likely to be colonized.
How the patches are look like in the diagram?
The most probable patches to be colonized are those that are close to other occupied patches or have sizable expanses.
The distance to the nearest occupied patch does not appear to affect colonization rates. This can be inferred from the fact that red dots are present throughout the diagram, rather than being concentrated in one area.
The size of the patch may play a role in colonization rates, as there are several large red dots indicating that larger patches are more likely to be colonized.
It is not possible to draw a conclusion about the relationship between patch size and colonization rates based on this data.
And more data would be needed to determine any correlation between patch size and colonization rates.
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Farmlands located near coastal regions are being threatened by encroaching seawater seeping into the soil. In terms of water movement into or out of plant cells, explain why seawater could decrease can't put action. Include a discussion of water potential in your answer
Due to the difference in water potential between seawater and soil, seawater can reduce crop growth on farmland near coastal areas. Pressure, temperature, and concentration all have an impact on Osmosis
water potential, which is a measurement of the energy state of water. Due to its high salt content, seawater has a far higher water potential than soil. Osmosis will then transfer water from the soil to the ocean. As a result, the soil may become salt-saturated, which will make it challenging for plants' roots to absorb water and nutrients.
Water can enter plant cells by osmosis and is absorbed by plants through their roots. Water molecules flow by osmosis from a high water potential (lower solute concentration) location to a low water potential area (higher solute concentration). The entry of seawater causes the water potential in the soil to decline, which in turn causes the water potential in plant cells to decline and makes it more difficult for water to enter the cells. The cells may become dehydrated as a result and unable to perform their functions.
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trace conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus (cs) begins the unconditioned stimulus (us).
The unconditioned stimulus (US) is delivered following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), which is subsequently interrupted or eliminated.
Does the conditioned stimulus come after the unconditioned stimulus?Initially neutral, the conditioned stimulus gradually causes a conditioned response after coming to be linked with the unconditioned stimulusIn classical conditioning, a person or animal learns to link an unconditioned stimulus (US) that normally results in behaviour with a neutral stimulation (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) (the unconditioned response, or UR).An unconditioned stimulus turns into a conditioned stimulus after the neutral stimulus has come to be connected with it and the subject has come to associate the stimulus with a certain result.The conditioned stimulus must come before the unconditioned stimulus in order for classical conditioning to work, not after it or at the same time.To learn more about stimulus refer to:
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given what you learned about optimal cell size, explain how these animals can be such different sizes?
Smaller cells are significantly easier to handle than larger ones because of their more manageable size. The cell needs organelles to assist move materials around the cell because it can no longer develop.
Do various species' cells have varying sizes?Animals can come in a wide range of sizes, but they all have a few characteristics. From shrews to humans to dinosaurs, the constituent cells that make up each of their bodies are about the same size.
Why is it crucial for a cell to keep its ideal size and shape?Our bodies' cells come in a variety of sizes and forms. Each cell is shaped to be most effective for a certain function. A cell's function may be compromised and it may even cause issues for the body when things go wrong and it fails to take on its intended structure.
What adjective best describes the animal cell's size?An average mammal cell has a diameter of 10–20 μm, or around one-fifth the size of the smallest particle discernible with the unaided eye.
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all reasons that archaea are of interest to scientists.
Multiple select question.
Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes.
Some archaea produce toxins that can kill livestock.
Some archaea live in extreme environments.
Some archaea produce methane, a greenhouse gas.
Many archaea cause disease in agricultural crops.
The reasons why scientist have an area of interest in archaea is, Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes, Some archaea live in extreme environments and some archaea produce methane, a greenhouse gas.
Archaea has genes which are both similar to bacteria and eukaryotes, but it is said that is more similar to eukaryotes.
archaea cell membrane are made up of different molecules, which help them thrive in extreme temperatures, their cell membrane is composed of ether linkages with branched isoprene chains.
Methanogens is a group under archaea, which produces methane gas.
There is also a class of halobacterium, which can survive in great amount of NACL (salty ) area.
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What did Hamilton smith notice in 1972
Answer:
that the phage DNA degraded over time.
Explanation:
This parasite was recovered in a veterinary stool sample. Which of the following human parasites does it most closely resemble.Please select the single best answerTrichinella spiralis encysted larvaAscaris lumbricoides eggEnterobius vermicularis eggTrichuris trichiura egg
The following human parasites does it most closely resemble, single best answer is Trichuris trichiura egg
What is Trichuris Trichiura egg?
An estimated 604-795 million people in world are infected with whipworm. Whipworm, hookworm, and Ascaris are known as soil-transmitted helminths Together, they account for major burden of disease worldwide.
Adult males of Trichuris trichiura are 30-45 millimeters long, with coiled posterior end. Adult females are 35-50 millimeters with straight posterior end. Both sexes have a long, whip-like anterior end. Adults reside in the large intestine, cecum and appendix of host.
The standard method for diagnosing presence of whipworm is by microscopically identifying whipworm eggs in the stool sample. Because eggs may be difficult to find in light infections, concentration procedure is recommended.
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which of the following statements about genes is incorrect? group of answer choices genes contain the information needed for cells to make proteins. genes correspond to segments of dna. each chromosome contains precisely one gene. genetic differences can result from changes in the dna called mutations. during fertilization, both the sperm and the egg contribute genes to the resulting zygote.
The parents' genes must be donated during fertilization since these genes don't work until they find a corresponding partner on the chromosomes.
Genes are DNA sequences that code for particular proteins needed for a function. These genes are physically present as DNA segments. These genes are crucial to an organism because they regulate a particular characteristic, such as the hue of a flower's petals or a person's skin. The genes are found on a pair of homologous chromosomes, one on each chromatid, in a place known as the "locus." Genes can be found on a single chromosome in a vast number, and the number of genes varies between chromosomes. The parents' genes must be donated during fertilization since these genes don't work until they find a corresponding partner on the chromosomes.
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A science student makes the following statement:
I think houseplants improve the quality of indoor air.
Which part of the scientific process is this?
If a science student thinks houseplants improve the quality of indoor air. Creating a hypothesis is a step in the scientific method, hence option A is correct.
What is the hypothesis?A science student claims, "I believe houseplants enhance the quality of indoor air."
A theory proposed to explain a phenomenon is called a hypothesis. A hypothesis cannot be called a scientific hypothesis unless it can be tested using the scientific process.
Therefore, scientists frequently base their theories on earlier data that are insufficiently explained by the body of existing knowledge.
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The given question is incomplete, so most probable complete question is,
a science student makes the following statement: i think houseplants improve the quality of indoor air. which part of the scientific process is this? a. forming a hypothesis b. drawing a conclusion c. developing a theory d. conducting an experiment
Model lignin oligomers have also been used to probe lignin disassembly mechanisms, aiding in the analysis of depolymerization of actual lignin. How do you Depolymerize lignin?
In a process known as pyrolysis, the depolymerization of lignin also occurs at extremely high temperatures without the presence of oxygen.
The process of lignin destruction with the aid of bacteria, fungi, or isolated enzymes under relatively mild circumstances is referred to as biological depolymerization of lignin. White-rot fungi like Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which produce an extracellular lignin peroxidase enzyme to start the degradation process, can slowly break down lignin. Other fungi strains generate laccase and manganese peroxidase, two enzymes involved in the degradation of lignin. After the lignin has been hydrolyzed, its constituent parts will be separated, yielding phenol monomers, oligomers, and polymers.
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