firm has 2,000,000 shares of common stock outstanding with a market price of $2 per share. It has 2,000 bonds outstanding, each selling for $1,200. The bonds mature in 25 years, have a coupon rate of 10%, and pay coupons annually. The firm's beta is 1.5, the risk-free rate is 5%, and the market risk premium is 7%. The tax rate is 34%. Calculate the WACC.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

A Firm

The firm's WACC is:

= 12.16%

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

                                              Common               Bonds

                                                  Stock

Outstanding shares/bonds  2,000,000              2,000

Market price per unit                $2                     $1,200

Total market value             $4,000,000   $2,400,000

Total value of debt and equity = $6,400,000

Weight                                      62.5%                37.5% ($2,400/$6,400*100)

Cost of bonds (coupon rate) = 10%

Tax rate = 34%

Firm's beta = 1.5

Risk-free rate = 5%

Market risk premium = 7%

After-tax cost of bonds = 6.6% (1 - 0.34) * 10%

Cost of common stock =

Risk Free Rate + Beta x (Market Return - Risk Free Rate)

= 5% + 1.5 x (7%)

= 5% + 10.5%

= 15.5%

WACC = 15.5% * 62.5% + 6.6% * 37.5%

= 0.096875 + 0.02475

= 0.1216

= 12.16%


Related Questions

The finished goods inventory on hand on December 31, 2018 was 21,000 units. It is the company's policy to maintain a finished goods inventory at the end of each quarter equal to 20% of the next quarter's anticipated sales. Prepare a production budget for 2019.

Answers

Question Completion:

Benet Company has budgeted the following unit sales for 2019 and 2020:

                        Quarter 1   Quarter 2   Quarter 3   Quarter 4   Quarter 1

Sales units       105,000       60,000       75,000      120,000      90,000

Answer:

Benet Company

Production Budget for 20198:

                               Quarter 1   Quarter 2  Quarter 3   Quarter 4

Sales units               105,000       60,000      75,000      120,000

Ending inventory       12,000        15,000      24,000        18,000

Units available for

sale                          117,000       75,000      99,000      138,000

Beginning inventory 21,000        12,000       15,000       24,000

Production               96,000       63,000       84,000      114,000

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

Budgeted unit sales for 2019 and 2020:

                               Quarter 1   Quarter 2  Quarter 3   Quarter 4   Quarter 1

Sales units               105,000       60,000      75,000      120,000     90,000

Ending inventory       12,000        15,000      24,000        18,000

Units available for

sale                          117,000       75,000      99,000      138,000

Beginning inventory 21,000        12,000       15,000       24,000      18,000

Production               96,000       63,000       84,000      114,000

A single commercial bank must meet a 25 percent reserve requirement. If the bank has no excess reserves initially and $5,000 of cash is deposited in the bank, it can increase its loans by a maximum of Group of answer choices $5,000. $1,250. $120,000. $3,750.

Answers

Answer:

$3,750

Explanation:

Calculation to determine what it can increase its loans by

Using this formula

Loan increase=Excess reserves-(Reserve requirement percentage* Excess reserves)

Let plug in the formula

Loan increase=$5000-($25%*$5000)

Loan increase=$5,000-$1,250

Loan increase=3,750

Therefore it can increase its loans by a maximum of $3,750

All That Blooms provides environmentally friendly lawn services for homeowners. Its operating costs are as follows.
Depreciation $1,224 per month
Advertising $153 per month
Insurance $1,683 per month
Weed and feed materials $10 per lawn
Direct labor $8 per lawn
Fuel $2 per lawn
All That Blooms charges $50 per treatment for the average single-family lawn.
Determine the company

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The computation is shown below:

Total fixed costs is

= depreciation + advertising + insurance

= 1224 + 153 + 1683

= $3060 per month

Now  

Total variable cost per unit

= weed + direct labor + fuel

= 10 + 8 + 2

= $20/ per lawn

Now  

Contribution margin ratio = (sales per unit - variable cost per unit) ÷ sales per unit

= ($50 - $20) ÷ 50

= 60%

Now

Breakeven sales is

= fixed costs ÷ contribution margin ratio

= $3,060 ÷ 60%

= $5100

And,

Breakeven sales units is

= breakeven sales ÷ sales per unit

= 5100 ÷ 50

= 102 lawns

On StatSim, how does a firm get their market share to increase?

Answers

Answer:

I need some points please

Perteet Corporation's relevant range of activity is 5,100 units to 10,500 units. When it produces and sells 7,800 units, its average costs per unit are as follows: Average Cost per Unit Direct materials $6.80 Direct labor $3.45 Variable manufacturing overhead $1.90 Fixed manufacturing overhead $3.80 Fixed selling expense $0.65 Fixed administrative expense $0.35 Sales commissions $0.45 Variable administrative expense $0.50 If 5,400 units are produced, the total amount of manufacturing overhead cost is closest to:

Answers

Answer:

Total overhead= $39,900

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Variable manufacturing overhead $1.90

First, we need to calculate the total fixed overhead:

Total fixed overhead= 7,800*3.8

Total fixed overhead= $29,640

Now, the total overhead for 5,400 units:

Total variable overhead= 1.9*5,400= 10,260

Total fixed overhead= 29,640

Total overhead= $39,900

John House has taken a 20-year, $250,000 mortgage on his house at an interest rate of 6 percent per year. What is the remaining balance (or value) of the mortgage after the payment of the fifth annual installment?

Answers

Answer:

$211,689. 53

Explanation:

Calculation to determine the remaining balance (or value) of the mortgage after the payment of the fifth annual installment

Step 1 is to compute PMT using Financial calculator

I = 6%

N = 20

PV = 250,000

FV = 0

PMT=?

Hence,

PMT = 21,796.14.

Now let determine the PV using Financial calculator

I = 6%

N = 15

PMT = 21,796.14

PV=?

Hence,

PV = $211,689. 53

Therefore the remaining balance (or value) of the mortgage after the payment of the fifth annual installment is $211,689. 53

The most recent financial statements for Xporter, Inc., are shown here:
Income Statement Balance Sheet
Sales $5,700 Current assets $ 3,900
Current liabilities $ 2,200 Costs 4,200
Fixed assets 8,100 Long-term debt 3,750
Taxable income $1,500 Equity 6,050
Taxes (34%) 510 Total $12,000 Total $12,000
Net income $ 990
Assets, costs, and current liabilities are proportional to sales. Long-term debt and equity are not. The company maintains a constant 40 percent dividend payout ratio. As with every other firm in its industry, next year’s sales are projected to increase by exactly 15 percent. What is the external financing needed?

Answers

Solution :

Expected sales = current sales x (1 + projected sale next year increase)

                         = 5,700 x (1 + 15%)

                         = $ 6555

Expected cost = current cost x (1 + projected sale next year increase)

                       = 4200 x (1 + 15%)

                       = $ 4830

Taxable income = 1500 x ( 1 + 15%)

                           = $ 1725

Taxes (34%)  = 510 x (1+15%)

                     = $ 586.5

Net income = sales - cost - taxes

                   = 6555 - 4830 - 586.5

                   = $ 1138.5

Calculation of total asset :

Current asset = 3,900 x 1.15

                      = $ 4485

Fixed asset   = 8100 x 1.15

                      = $ 9315

Total asset = 4485 + 9315

                  = $ 13800

Calculation of total liabilities

Current liabilities = 2200 x 1.15

                            = $ 2530

Long term debt = $ 3,750

Equity = $ 6050 + (1138.5 x 0.50 )

          = $ 7189

Total liabilities  = $ 2530 + $ 3,750 + $ 7189

                          = $ 13, 469

Therefore the external financial needed is = $ 13800 - $ 13, 469

                                                                       = $ 331

Suppose a chair manufacturer is producing in the short run (with its existing plant and equipment). The manufacturer has observed the following levels of production corresponding to different numbers of workers:
Number of Workers Number of Chairs
1 10
2 18
3 24
4 28
5 30
6 28
7 25
a. Calculate the marginal and average product of labor for this production function.
b. Does this production function exhibit diminishing returns to labor

Answers

Answer:

(a)

MP = TPn - TPn-1

AP = TP/Q

No. of workers       No. of chairs   MP    AP

         1                              10              -       10      

         2                             18             8       9

         3                             24            6       8

         4                             28            4       7

         5                             30            2       6

         6                             28          - 2      4.6

         7                              25          -3       3.5

(b) Yes, this production function exhibits diminishing returns to labor. As we increase the number of laborers, the output per worker falls. we will see that the AP is falling with the rise parturient.

Coronado, Inc. reported net income of $2.95 million in 2022. Depreciation for the year was $188,800, accounts receivable decreased $413,000, and accounts payable decreased $330,400. Compute net cash provided by operating activities using the indirect method

Answers

Answer:

Net cash provided by operating activities $3,221,400

Explanation:

The computation of the  net cash provided by operating activities using the indirect method is given below

cash provided by operating activities

Net income $2,950,000

Add: depreciation $188,800

Add: decrease in account receivable $413,000

Less: decrease in account payable -$330,400

Net cash provided by operating activities $3,221,400

On Friday of each week, Prawn Company pays its factory personnel weekly wages amounting to $55,000 for a five-day work week.

Required:
a. Prepare the necessary adjusting entry at year end, assuming December 31 falls on Wednesday.
b. Prepare the journal entry for payment of the week’s wages on the payday which is Friday, January 2 of the next year.

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The journal entry is shown below:

a.

Wages Expense $33,000 ($55,000 ÷ 5 days ×3days)

            To Wages Payable $33,000

(being wages expense is recorded)

Here wages expense is debited as it increased the assets and credited the wages payable as it also increased the liabilities

b. Wages Expenses $22000

Wages Payable $33000

      To Bank $55,000

(Being payment is recorded)

Here wages expense is debited as it increased the assets, the wages payable is also debited as it decreased the liabilities and credited the bank as it decreased the assets

Jasper Company has sales on account and for cash. Specifically, 61% of its sales are on account and 39% are for cash. Credit sales are collected in full in the month following the sale. The company forecasts sales of $523,000 for April, $533,000 for May, and $558,000 for June. The beginning balance of Accounts Receivable is $304,200 on April 1. Prepare a schedule of budgeted cash receipts for April, May, and June.

Answers

Answer:

Jasper Company

Budgeted CAsh Receipts:

                                       April               May               June

Cash sales (39%)     $203,970       $207,870       $217,620

Cash collections        304,200         360,870         325,130

Total cash receipts  $508,170       $568,740      $542,750

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

                                       April               May               June

Forecast sales         $523,000      $533,000      $558,000

Cash sales (39%)       203,970         207,870         217,620

Credit sales (61%)      360,870          325,130        340,380

Cash collections       304,200          360,870        325,130

Budgeted CAsh Receipts:

                                       April               May               June

Cash sales (39%)     $203,970       $207,870       $217,620

Cash collections        304,200         360,870         325,130

Total cash receipts  $508,170       $568,740      $542,750

type of power based on manager's ability to influence employees with something of value to them.​

Answers

Answer:

incentive or reward

Explanation:

incentive pay, time and a half pay for overtime are examples

Chico Company paid $950,000 for a basket purchase that included office furniture, a building and land. An appraiser provided the following estimates of the market values of the assets if they had been purchased separately: Office furniture, $190,000; Building, $740,000; and Land, $132,000. Based on this information, what is the cost that should be allocated to the office furniture

Answers

Answer:

$171,000

Explanation:

The company psid $950,000 for office furniture, building and land

The market value of the assets is

Office furniture= $190,000

Building= $740,000

Land= $132,000

Therefore the cost that should be allocated to the office furniture can be calculated as follows

= 18/100 × 950,000

= 0.18×950,000

= 171,000

Casey transfers property with a tax basis of $3,800 and a fair market value of $6,800 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $5,250 and $720 in cash in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $830 on the property transferred. Casey also incurred selling expenses of $461. What is the amount realized by Casey in the exchange

Answers

Answer:

$5789

Explanation:

Calculation to determine the amount realized by Casey in the exchange

Fair market value of stock $5250

Add Cash in transaction $ 720

Add Liability which is going to the buyer $ 830

Less Selling expenses ($461)

Amount realized $5789

($5250+$720+$830-$461)

Therefore the amount realized by Casey in the exchange is $5789

Biochemical Corp. requires $690,000 in financing over the next three years. The firm can borrow the funds for three years at 9.25 percent interest per year. The CEO decides to do a forecast and predicts that if she utilizes short-term financing instead, she will pay 7.50 percent interest in the first year, 12.15 percent interest in the second year, and 8.25 percent interest in the third year. Assume interest is paid in full at the end of each year.
a. Determine the total interest cost under each plan.
Interest Cost
Long-term fixed-rate $
Short-term variable-rate $
b. Which plan is less costly?
Short-term variable-rate plan
Long-term fixed-rate plan

Answers

Answer:

a. We have:

Interest cost of long-term fixed-rate = $191,475

Interest cost of short-term variable-rate = $192,51

b. Long-term fixed rate plan is less costly

Explanation:

a. Determine the total interest cost under each plan.

Interest cost of long-term fixed-rate = Amount required to be borrowed * Fixed interest rate per year * Number of years = $690,000 * 9.25% * 3 = $191,475

Interest cost of short-term variable-rate = (Amount required to be borrowed * First year interest rate) + (Amount required to be borrowed * Second year interest rate) + (Amount required to be borrowed * Third year interest rate) = ($690,000 * 7.50%) + ($690,000 * 12.15%) + (($690,000 * 8.25%) = $192,510

b. Which plan is less costly?

Since the $191,475 interest cost of long-term fixed-rate is less than $192,510 interest cost of short-term variable-rate, this implies that long-term fixed rate plan is less costly.

Suppose that a company has the following accounts receivable collection pattern: Paid in the month of sale 25% Paid in the month following sale 75% All sales are on credit. If credit sales for January and February are $250,000 and $120,000 respectively, the cash collection for February is:

Answers

Answer: $152,500

Explanation:

The cash collection for February would be:

25% of the sales in January as 25% are collected in the following months 75% of February credit sales as 75% are collected in the month of sale

= (25% * 250,000) + (75% * 120,000)

= 62,500 + 90,000

= $152,500

what is a computer and its impact to society

Answers

Explanation:

computers have changed the way people relate to one another and their living environment as well as how humans organise their work and their time

Each employee takes two 8 minute rest breaks and one 25 lunch break each shift. The company has 2 shifts per work day each with 4 employees. Compute the takt time if the company is planning to produce 1325 JU-4s.

Answers

Answer:

The appropriate answer is "[tex]0.657 \ mins/JU-4s[/tex]".

Explanation:

Given:

Demand,

= 1325 JU-4s

1 day = 2 shifts

Assuming a shift is of 8 hours duration.

then,

[tex]1 \ shift = (8\times 60)-(20+25)[/tex]

           [tex]=480-45[/tex]

           [tex]=435 \ mins[/tex]

Total day mins,

= [tex]435\times 2[/tex]

= [tex]870 \ mins[/tex]

hence,

The average throughput rate will be:

= [tex]\frac{870 \ mins}{1325 \ JU-4s}[/tex]

= [tex]0.657 \ mins/JU-4s[/tex]

The Director of Taco Bell’s in-house creative agency described the workplace as an "ego-free zone," suggesting openness to his team members’ ideas, also called Multiple Choice staff validity. task validity. boundary spanning. decision informity. hierarchical sensitivity.

Answers

Answer:

staff validity

Explanation:

Staff validity is the degree by which the members form good presentations to the leader. As they can have all the information needed to make a good decision.

The _____ perspective of the Balanced Scorecard management system describes the economic consequences of actions taken in the other three perspectives.
a. customer
b. internal
c. financial
d. learning and growth

Answers

Answer: financial

Explanation:

Balanced Scorecard is referred to as the performance based metric that is used by companies for strategic management.

The four perspectives of a traditional balanced scorecard include:

1. Financial

2. Customer

3 Internal Process

4. Learning and Growth.

The financial perspective helps in improving financial results. It also describes the economic consequences of actions taken in the other three perspectives.

During its first year of business, XYZ Inc. purchased $1,600 of supplies. By the end of
the year, only $500 of supplies remain in the supply cabinet. Determine the amount to be
reported in the Supplies account in the Adjusted Trial Balance section of the worksheet
prepared on December 31.

Answers

Answer:

$500

Explanation:

Since adjusted trial balance is often prepared at the end of an accounting period in which based on the information given the supplies in inventory is on the last day of the accounting period in which only the amount of $500 of supplies was remaining in the supply cabinet, therefore the amount to be

reported in the SUPPLIES ACCOUNT in the Adjusted Trial Balance section of the worksheet

prepared on December 31 will be $500 of supplies remaining in the supply cabinet.

Prepare the December 31 adjusting entries for the following transactions.

a. Fees accrued but not billed, $6,300.
b. The Supplies account balance on December 31, $4,750.
c. Supplies on hand, $960
d. Wages accrued but not paid, $2,700
e. Depreciation of office equipment, $1,650
f. Rent expired during year, $10,800.

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The journal entries are shown below:

a. Account receivable Dr $6,300

           To Fees Revenue   $6,300

(Being fees accrued is recorded)  

b Supplies Expense  $3,790 ($4,750 - $960)

       To Supplies $3,790

(being supplies expense is recorded)

d. Wages Expense $2,700

       To Wages Payable $2,700

(being wages expense is recorded)

e. Depreciation Expense     $1,650

        To Accumulated Depreciation             $1,650

(being depreciation expense is recorded)

f. Rent Expense $10,800

        To Prepaid Rent  $10,800

(being rent expense is recorded)

Which statement does not describe a difference between government and household budgets? In the short term, economists would expect the budget deficits and surpluses to fluctuate up and down with the economy and the automatic stabilizers. Most economists view the proposals for a perpetually balanced budget with bemusement. Most economists agree with the proposals for a perpetually balanced budget. Economic recessions should automatically lead to larger budget deficits or smaller budget surpluses, while economic booms lead to smaller deficits or larger surpluses.

Answers

Answer:

Most economists view the proposals for a perpetually balanced budget with bemusement

Explanation:

A balanced budget is a budget where at the end of every year, revenue must equal expenditure. this type of budget can magnify the business cycle. This types of budget contrasts with a cyclically balanced budget

A Cyclically balanced budget is when in a recession, the government makes use of expansionary fiscal policy and in a boom, the government makes use of a contractionary fiscal policy to stabilise the economy. So, in a recession, deficits would be higher and in an expansion, surplus would be higher.

Government sector deficit occurs when government spending exceeds income of the government.

When deficit increases, debt increases. This is because a deficit would need to be funded by additional borrowing

When there is a surplus, government spending is less than the income of the government.

Identify a new product that is based on an innovation in technology, and draw up a strategic technical plan for its development. Be sure to discuss the risk factors at each stage, and indicate how you would deal with each.

Answers

"An electric car" is a new product that depends upon technological innovation.

Its progress is guided by a strategic technology plan:

The production of new ideas:

The lithium-ion battery throughout the electric vehicle will provide the energy needed to run its engine. Installation of the battery would ensure it can do all the functions which the consumer would expect from a typical vehicle.

The idea is evaluated:

The lithium-ion battery-powered electric car ought to be able to equal the speed of a gasoline or diesel-powered vehicle.

Analysis of the business environment:

Due to its reduced mileage, such a car would be perfect for customers who are unable to pay the rising cost of oil for the vehicles. Thus, electric vehicles would've been ideal to clients with fundamental part from middle income to high class. Its car would attract a huge number of customers, as consumers are looking for vehicles that may help them save cash on gasoline prices.

Development:

The fuel or diesel cylinder and batteries would be fitted in the car's bonnet. The rest of the car assembly process will proceed normally usual.

Commercialization:

Customers will be able to buy cars through a countrywide dealer network.The car's battery plays a significant role in each step of the process. Whereas if a car's batteries run out while it was on the road, it could be recharged using another energy source. During a crisis, solar plates will absorb the sun and power a battery. As a result, the vehicle will keep running smoothly.

Learn more:

brainly.com/question/17578700

A journal entry for a payment for rent expense was posted as a debit to Salaries Expense and a credit to Cash. Which of the following statements correctly states the effect of the error on the trialâ balance?
A. The sum of the credits will equal the sum of the debits.
B. The sum of the debits will exceed the sum of the credits by .
C. The sum of the debits will exceed the sum of the credits by .
D. The sum of the credits will exceed the sum of the debits by .

Answers

Answer:

A). The sum of the credits will equal the sum of the debits.

Explanation:

journal entry journal entry can be regarded as record of the business transactions which is made in a accountingbooks of a business.

journal entry that is documented properly will contains correct date as well as amounts to be debited and description of the transaction, it contain amount to be credited as well as a unique reference number.Note that "There is equal amount of credit as well as debit in a journal entry"

Trial balance can be regarded as report that give lists of balances of all general ledger accounts in a firm at a particular point in time, there is compilation of all ledger balance into debit as well as credit account column totals. As rule in trial balance, the total of the debit balances as well as credit balances that is been extracted from the ledger must tally with each other.

The following data are given for Stringer Company: Budgeted production 929 units Actual production 1,031 units Materials: Standard price per ounce $1.80 Standard ounces per completed unit 11 Actual ounces purchased and used in production 11,681 Actual price paid for materials $23,946 Labor: Standard hourly labor rate $14.47 per hour Standard hours allowed per completed unit 4.1 Actual labor hours worked 5,309.65 Actual total labor costs $80,972 Overhead: Actual and budgeted fixed overhead $1,040,000 Standard variable overhead rate $27.00 per standard labor hour Actual variable overhead costs $148,670 Overhead is applied on standard labor hours. Round your intermediate calculations and final answer to the nearest cent. The direct materials price variance is a.$2,920.25 favorable b.$7,300.62 unfavorable c.$7,300.62 favorable d.$2,920.25 unfavorable

Answers

Answer:

d.$2,920.25 unfavorable

Explanation:

Actual purchase price = Actual price paid for material / Actual ounces purchased and used in production

Actual purchase price = $23,946 / 11,681

Actual purchase price = $2.05

Direct materials price variance = Actual ounces purchased and used in production * (Actual purchase price - Standard price per ounce

Direct materials price variance = 11,681 * ($2.05 - $1.80)

Direct materials price variance = 11,681 * $0.25

Direct materials price variance = $2,920.25 Unfavorable

. If it outsources the navigation system, fixed costs could be reduced by half, and the vacant facilities could be rented out to earn $2000 per month of rental income. What is the maximum contract cost that Fruit Boat Company should pay for outsourcing

Answers

Answer: $2,425

Explanation:

Fruit Boat should not pay more for the contract than they would if they were producing the good themselves.

= Variable cost + Avoidable fixed costs + Opportunity cost per month

Avoidable fixed cost = (39,000 / 2) / 10 boats = 19,500 / 10 = $1,950

Opportunity cost per month = 2,000 / 10 boats

= $200

Contract price = 275 + 1,950 + 200

= $2,425

Each firm embraces objectives that management believes will make the firm more successful.

a. True
b. False

Answers

Answer:

a. True

Explanation:

Organizational objectives and goals are defined by strategic planning, which is a document that contains the organizational mission and values, as well as the action plans that the company must implement over a period of time to achieve its objectives and goals and be a profitable company and competitive in the market.

Therefore, the administration of each company will define what are its market objectives that will make it more successful and positioned in the long term.

Zimmer, Inc. started the month of January with beginning finished goods inventory of $20,000. The cost of goods manufactured during the month was $120,000 and the ending finished goods inventory was $50,000. What is the unadjusted cost of goods sold for January

Answers

Answer:

$90,000

Explanation:

Calculation to determine the unadjusted cost of goods sold for January

Using this formula

Unadjusted cost of goods sold= beginning finished inventory + cost of goods manufactured - ending finished inventory

Let plug in the formula

Unadjusted cost of goods sold= 20,000 + 120,000 - 50,000

Unadjusted cost of goods sold= $90,000

Therefore the Unadjusted cost of goods sold is $90,000

The purpose of an analysis of an account is to illustrate - in the account for the period under audit

Answers

Answer:

all changes

Explanation:

Financial accounting is an accounting technique used for analyzing, summarizing and reporting of financial transactions like sales costs, purchase costs, payables and receivables of an organization using standard financial guidelines such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

An auditor refers to an authorized individual who review, examine and verify the authenticity and accuracy of business financial records or transactions.

The purpose of an analysis of an account is to illustrate all changes in the account for the period under audit. Thus, an audit of historical financial statements most commonly includes the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and the statement of changes in stockholders' equity.

There are two (2) main types of financial analysis;

I. Vertical analysis.

II. Horizontal analysis.

In Financial accounting, Horizontal analysis can be defined as an analysis and evaluation of a financial statement which illustrates or gives information about changes in the amount of corresponding financial statement items, benchmarks or financial ratio over a specific period of time. It is one of the most important technique that is used to measure how a business is doing financially. Hence, it is also referred to as the trend analysis.

Under the horizontal analysis of financial statement, we use the financial statements of two or more periods; earliest and latter periods.

Generally, the earliest is chosen as the base period while all other items on the statement for a latter period will be compared with the items on the statement of the base period.

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