Electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in the lab to separate charged molecules, like DNA, according to size.
Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA?, RNA? and proteins? according to their size.
Charged molecules move through a gel when an electric current is passed across it.
An electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge.
The movement of charged molecules is called migration. Molecules migrate towards the opposite charge. A molecule with a negative charge will therefore be pulled towards the positive end (opposites attract!).
The gel consists of a permeable matrix, a bit like a sieve, through which molecules can travel when an electric current is passed across it.
Smaller molecules migrate through the gel more quickly and therefore travel further than larger fragments that migrate more slowly and therefore will travel a shorter distance. As a result the molecules are separated by size.
Gel electrophoresis and DNA
Electrophoresis enables you to distinguish DNA fragments of different lengths.
DNA is negatively charged, therefore, when an electric current is applied to the gel, DNA will migrate towards the positively charged electrode.
Shorter strands of DNA move more quickly through the gel than longer strands resulting in the fragments being arranged in order of size.
The use of dyes, fluorescent? tags or radioactive? labels enables the DNA on the gel to be seen after they have been separated. They will appear as bands on the gel.
A DNA marker with fragments of known lengths is usually run through the gel at the same time as the samples.
By comparing the bands of the DNA samples with those from the DNA marker, you can work out the approximate length of the DNA fragments in the samples.
How is gel electrophoresis carried out?
Preparing the gel
Agarose gels? are typically used to visualise fragments of DNA. The concentration of agarose used to make the gel depends on the size of the DNA fragments you are working with.
The higher the agarose concentration, the denser the matrix and vice versa. Smaller fragments of DNA are separated on higher concentrations of agarose whilst larger molecules require a lower concentration of agarose.
To make a gel, agarose powder is mixed with an electrophoresis buffer and heated to a high temperature until all of the agarose powder has melted.
The molten gel is then poured into a gel casting tray and a “comb” is placed at one end to make wells for the sample to be pipetted into.
Once the gel has cooled and solidified (it will now be opaque rather than clear) the comb is removed.
Many people now use pre-made gels.
The gel is then placed into an electrophoresis tank and electrophoresis buffer is poured into the tank until the surface of the gel is covered. The buffer conducts the electric current. The type of buffer used depends on the approximate size of the DNA fragments in the sample.
Preparing the DNA for electrophoresis
A dye is added to the sample of DNA prior to electrophoresis to increase the viscosity of the sample which will prevent it from floating out of the wells and so that the migration of the sample through the gel can be seen.
A DNA marker (also known as a size standard or a DNA ladder) is loaded into the first well of the gel. The fragments in the marker are of a known length so can be used to help approximate the size of the fragments in the samples.
The prepared DNA samples are then pipetted into the remaining wells of the gel.
When this is done the lid is placed on the electrophoresis tank making sure that the orientation of the gel and positive and negative electrodes is correct (we want the DNA to migrate across the gel to the positive end).
Separating the fragments
The electrical current is then turned on so that the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positive side of the gel.
Shorter lengths of DNA move faster than longer lengths so move further in the time the current is run.
The distance the DNA has migrated in the gel can be judged visually by monitoring the migration of the loading buffer dye.
The electrical current is left on long enough to ensure that the DNA fragments move far enough across the gel to separate them, but not so long that they run off the end of the gel.
Illustration of DNA electrophoresis equipment used to separate DNA fragments by size. A gel sits within a tank of buffer. The DNA samples are placed in wells at one end of the gel and an electrical current passed across the gel. The negatively-charged DNA moves towards the postive electrode. Image credit: Genome Research Limited
tank.
Which macromolecule sends messages?
Answer:
Proteins is a macromolecule that helps to send signals
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What is the biggest difference (other than their size) between a hot air balloon and a “regular” balloon?
Hot air balloons float because the air within the balloon is heated by a burner, making it less dense than the air around it, allowing the weight to get lifted from below. Gas balloons may be filled with either helium or hydrogen and use sand as ballast.
Explanation:
Match each part of the brain with the correct label. 2
Answer:
For the numbers on the brain
1. Forebrain: Telencephalon
2. Forebrain: Diencephalon
3. Hindbrain
4. Midbrain
Explanation: correct
retreat of alpine glaciers is caused by what process?
Answer:
Glaciers may retreat when their ice melts or ablates more quickly than snowfall can accumulate and form new glacial ice. Higher temperatures and less snowfall have been causing many glaciers around the world to retreat recently.
Explanation:
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The nuclear equation shows the transmutation of a form of radon into polonium and an alpha particle. In one tho two sentences, explain whether or not the reaction is balanced.
The equation is balanced because the mass and charge are equal on both sides of the reaction equation.
In a nuclear reaction, one nucleus is transformed into another. In this case of the equation shown, the radon nucleus is being transformed into a polonium nucleus with the emission of an alpha particle.
The equation is balanced because a total mass of 219 is found on both sides of the reaction equation and a total charge of 86. Recall that an alpha particle is the same as a helium nucleus with a mass of four units and a charge of two units.
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According to the text, the main reason that humans are one of the few species to have long, committed relationships is that:
humans think that they need to connect more than animals for animals it's all about survival making love hard. Animals only think about mating and staying alive. but humans have the time to think about love.
The main reason that human beings are one of the few species to have long, committed relationships is that: human babies are born before they are completely advanced and for that reason need a number of care.
What defines a species?Species are characterized by means of the reality that they're reproductively remoted from different organizations, which means that the organisms in a single species are incapable of reproducing with organisms in any other species. The term species also can be described as the maximum fundamental category within the device of taxonomy.
What are the primary predictors of violence?Many predictors of violent behavior are predictors of different issues, inclusive of substance abuse, delinquency, school dropout, and teenage pregnancy (Dryfoos, 1991; Hawkins, Catalano, and Miller, 1992). The threat of violence is likewise compounded via the number of danger elements concerned.
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Steve is running at an average of 3mph. He was out for a run for 3 hours how many miles did he travel? 1a. What formula did you use to solve #
Which law regulates pesticides and herbicides? a. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947 b. Federal Investigation of Fungicide Act (FIFA) of 1947 c. Clean Environment Act of 1949 d. Regulatory Environment Act of 1948
The law that regulates pesticides and herbicides in the USA is the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947. This law prohibits the use of certain compounds as pesticides.
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) law is a regulatory law that provides a suitable federal regulatory framework for the use, distribution and sale of pesticides.
This law (FIFRA) is aimed at protecting pesticide users, consumers, and the environment.
The pesticides used in the USA must be licensed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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Which choice has prokaryotic cells?
human blood
cow's liver
onion root
E. coli
Answer:
E coli.
Explanation:
E coli is a prokaryotic organism, meaning it is comprised of only one cell.
In which process are glucose and oxygen the reactants?
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
ATP production
ADP production
Answer:
Cellular Respiration
Explanation:
Respiration = Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + Carbon Dioxide
Does hypertonic mean out of the cell.
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
In biology, a solution outside of a cell is called hypotonic if it has a lower concentration of solutes relative to the cytosol.
Explain how pollution from one location
can affect the environment far away from the
source of the pollution
Answer:
Air quality is affected by natural processes. Wind can move pollutants from their source to far-away locations. It can still spread and harm living creatures and destroy their environments.
Explanation:
Air quality is affected by natural processes where wind can carry pollutants to places far away from their source which can still spread and harm living beings and destroy their environments.
What is Pollution?Pollution is defined as the introduction of harmful materials into the environment where the harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash which can also be created by human activity, such as waste or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants harm the quality of air, water and land.
Many things produce pollution such as cars spewing pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to generate electricity pollutes the air. Industries and homes generate waste and sewage that can pollute land and water. Pesticides which is chemical poisons used to kill weeds and insects which is seep into waterways and harm wildlife.
Thus, air quality is affected by natural processes where wind can carry pollutants to places far away from their source which can still spread and harm living beings and destroy their environments.
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Plants undergo both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which statement correctly compares photosynthesis and respiration
Answer:
what where compare please put a picture to yur question next time so we can answer it properly
Explanation:
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Answer:
Mr est un jeune individu provenant de
(c) In soils that lack oxygen, plants cannot absorb enough nitrates from the soil to grow well. Explain why.
Answer:
Explanation:
Plants absorb nitrates in water through their roots. Nitrates are present in high levels in plant fertilisers. Without nitrates, the amount of chlorophyll in leaves reduces. ... This reduces the plant's ability to photosynthesise and grow properly, which reduces the farmers' crop yield .
While you’re waiting for the lactase solution to cool, read the directions on the test strips. The test strips in the Edmentum lab kit will react to glucose within a few seconds. If you use different strips, the reaction time may vary. Now follow these steps to test the solutions. Record your data in the answer space.
Milk and water solution: Fill the first test tube one fourth full of milk. Fill the small graduated cylinder with water and gently add it to the milk in the test tube until the test tube is half full. Use the stirrer to thoroughly mix the solution. Then insert the test strip for 10 to 20 seconds. Look at the test strip, and record whether it changed color. Wash the stirrer.
Milk and lactase enzyme solution: Fill the second test tube one fourth with milk and one fourth with the lactase solution. Use the stirrer to thoroughly mix the solution. Insert the test strip for 10 to 20 seconds, and record whether it changed color. Wash the stirrer.
Milk an
What is an opposing viewpoint to the idea that climate change is real? (no links)
as a microbiologist you have been asked to investigate the regulation of a novel gene in a bacterial species. given what is known about bacteria, the logical place to begin your investigation is
The logical place to begin your investigation is TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL. This field investigates the differential expression of genes.
Transcriptional control refers to the study of how genes are differentially expressed in the genome of cells.
In prokaryotic organisms (e.g., bacteria), genes are expressed in clusters known as operons.
An operon is a group of genes under the control of a single promoter sequence.
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Nitrites are added to foods to: a. prevent formation of carcinogens. b. change their color. c. improve their nutritive value. d. inhibit rancidity. e. improve their texture.
Nitrites are added to foods to inhibit rancidity. These compounds are used in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Nitrites are conservant that prevent the growth of Clostridium botulinum and Listeria bacteria.
These bacteria (Clostridium botulinum and Listeria) are harmful to human health, thereby nitrites must be added to foods.
In meats, nitrites also exhibit some other beneficial properties which include the pink color, antioxidant properties, and savory flavor.
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DNA molecules separate into single strands which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA this process ensures genetic
A)consistency
B)variability
C)diversity
D)reduction
Answer: A)consistency
Explanation:
Which plate is the Eurasian plate?
A. D
B. C
C. B
D. A
Homeostasis is an organism's ability to _______. a. obtain energy from food b. interact with its specific environment c. maintain a constant internal environment d. survive without water for long periods of time
Answer:
C. Maintain a constant internal environment
Explanation:
Homeostasis is keeping an internal environment stable.
termination of transcription in bacteria occurs when ________.
Transcription is the process of synthesizing the RNA transcript from DNA.
The termination of transcription in bacteria occurs when RNA polymerase comes in contact with some particular terminator sequences that stalls the RNA polymerase letting it fall off.
In transcription, there is its initiation (start) and its termination (and end). Unlike humans with stop codons that terminates the process, the bacteria uses a terminator sequence which it transcribes and cause its fall off the DNA and releasing the RNA transcript.Learn more about transcription in bacteria: https://brainly.com/question/25408927
__________ encompasses any unwanted or nonconsensual sexual contact.
Answer:
sexual assault
Explanation:
a section of a dna molecule that controls the thumb is called a
Answer:
gene
Explanation:
relationship between enzymes and macromolecules
Answer:
Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme. For instance, carbohydrates are broken down by amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltase. Proteins are broken down by the enzymes pepsin and peptidase, and by hydrochloric acid. ... Breakdown of these macromolecules provides energy for cellular activities.
EXPLAIN two ways in which a leaf can adapt to maximize of photosynthesis.
Answer:
"Large surface area for maximum light absorption. The presence of chlorophyll containing chloroplast. Thin structure Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells."
Answer:
Photosynthesis is made possible by the adaptations of the leaf, which include a large surface area for optimum light absorption and the existence of chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts.
Explanation:
The two ways are in bold letters:)
The process of glycolysis produces 4 ATP total, but we say that the net ATP production is 2 ATP. What happened to the two other ATP molecules
True or false: Tonic contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels is important in maintaining blood pressure.
how does the cell make proteins inside the ribosome
Answer:
23
Explanation:
