Endospore-forming bacteria have a wide range of genetic variation, with more than 25 genera now recognised. However, low G+C Gram-positive bacteria, such as those in the genera Bacillus and Clostridium, are virtually entirely responsible for the formation of endospores.
What is an endospore ?It enables the bacterium to create a latent and incredibly resilient cell to protect the cell's genetic material under extremely stressful conditions. Endospores are able to withstand environmental stresses that would typically kill the bacterium.
What species of bacteria make endospores?Nevertheless, low G+C Gram-positive bacteria, such as those belonging to the genera Bacillus, Clostridium, Thermoactinomyces, Sporolactobacillus, as well as Sporosarcina, produce practically all of the endospores.
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which of the following genera are known for producing spores?
A. streptococcus
B. staphylococcus
C. corynebacterium bacillus
B. all of the above
which of the following is an enzyme that attacks cell walls of gram-positive bacteria making it inhospitable to most bacteria?
In peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall, lysozyme breaks the connection between NAG and NAM.
What enzyme breaks down the gram-positive bacteria's cell walls? In peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall, lysozyme breaks the connection between NAG and NAM.Gram-positive bacteria, which do not have the gram-negative bacteria's protective outer layer, are more susceptible to it.Gram-positive bacteria are lysed by the glycoside hydrolase lysozyme (15 kDa), which is expressed by the Lyz gene. It does this by hydrolyzing a glycan link of a peptidoglycan made of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria.Lysozyme's antibacterial action is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria because of its capacity to hydrolyze the -1,4-glycosidic bond found in the polysaccharide layer of these bacteria cell walls.Biological fluids including saliva, milk, and tears include the naturally occurring enzyme lysozyme.To learn more about lysozyme refer
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which of the following is the most complex level of organization rainforest water molecule heart circulatory system
Rain forest is the mοst complex level of organization amοng all of the followings.
Option B is correct.
Which level of an organization is the most complicated?The eleven οrgan systems that make up the human body, or the entirety of a living thing, οperate at the organismal level, which is the level of structure with the mοst complexity.
Starting with the smallest level of an organization, what is the proper order?The six general tiers οf the organization, ranked from smallest to largest, are the chemical, cellular, structural, οrgan, organ of the body, and organism levels. Chemicals are thοught to be the smallest and lowest organizational unit in a living system. Their sizes can range frοm the smallest atoms to the largest macrοmolecules.
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Complete question:Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?
A)a water mοlecule
B) a rainforest
C the circulatοry system
D) Heart
When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized by immune cells that then respond to the pathogen. Which of the following identifies the component of the pathogen's cell membrane most likely to be recognized by an immune cell? A Cholesterol. B Phospholipids. C Glycoproteins. D Integral proteins.
C.Glycoproteins. The extra cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane contains glycoproteins, which serve as receptors for immune cells and are also known as antigens, or chemical compounds that can elicit an antibody or immunological response.
The extracellular portions of proteins that extend outside of cells are frequently glycosylated as well. Additionally, glycoproteins are frequently significant membrane-associated proteins that participate in cell-cell communication. It is crucial to distinguish between reversible cytosolic-nuclear glycosylation and the secretory system's endoplasmic reticulum-based glycosylation. An additional regulatory mechanism that regulates phosphorylation-based signalling is expected to be involved in the modification of cytosolic and nuclear glycoproteins by the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue, which is thought to be reciprocal to phosphorylation.
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QUESTION 3
Protozoa are the smallest of the microbes.
O True
O False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Protozoa (pro-toe-ZO-uh) are one-celled organisms, like bacteria. But they are bigger than bacteria and contain a nucleus and other cell structures, making them more like plant and animal cells.
Please help 100 points
Global warming has had an impact on the migration habits of some species of birds. The image shows the changes in migration timing and chick hatching for one of the bird species impacted by rising global temperatures. It also outlines the change to the peak season for a species of caterpillar in the same ecosystem.
What prediction can be made about the impact the shift in caterpillar season will have on this ecosystem?
A. The caterpillars will eat many of the leaves on the trees, leaving the birds without a safe nesting place once they arrive.
B.The caterpillars that hatch earlier will compete with the baby birds for resources in the area.
C.The birds will migrate earlier so that they are present during the peak in caterpillar season.
D.The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size.
Answer:
The answer is D. The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size.
The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size. Hence, option D is correct.
What is global warming?Climate change includes global warming, which is the gradual increase in the earth's temperature. It is brought on by an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, primarily as a result of human activities like farming and the burning of fossil fuels.
Environmental changes brought on by global warming may have a negative influence on human health. Additionally, it can result in an increase in sea level, which poses a threat to biodiversity, a change in precipitation patterns, an increase in the likelihood of droughts and floods, and the loss of coastal land.
Due to global warming, The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size. Hence, option D is correct.
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3 Which is of the following statements best describes the structure, or makeup, of a codon?
A. A codon is a 3-letter nucleotide sequence found on the tRNA.
B. A codon is a growing polypeptide chain.
C. A codon is a gene sequence found on the DNA strand.
D. A codon is a 3-letter nucleotide sequence found on the mRNA.
4.What is true regarding genes and DNA?
A Each DNA strand contains identical genes.
B The DNA only transcribes the genes that it needs at specific times.
C Both A and B
D None of the above
Answer:
3. D. A codon is a 3-letter nucleotide sequence found on the mRNA.
4. D None of the above
Explanation:
3. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides, or bases, on messenger RNA (mRNA) that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. The sequence of nucleotides on the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is copied, or transcribed, into a complementary sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA. The mRNA then travels to the ribosome, where the sequence of nucleotides, or codons, is read in groups of three. Each codon corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal, which are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and linked together to form a protein.
4. D None of the above
Model 1 Lactase breaking down Lactose 50 points!!!
Answer:Lactose and Lactase: Exploring Enzymes as Catalysts. Digestive enzymes help your body break down your food.
Explanation:
21.1.2 Quiz: What Is Science?
What must scientists assume when using scientific laws to make
predictions?
A. The universe acts in the same way as it acted in the past and will
continue to act in the future.
B. There is enough empirical evidence to turn a theory into a law.
C. The process of science will always uncover the truth.
D. The universe is always changing, and new laws will need to be
discovered all the time.
sorry
Explanation; doesn't know the answer
Need help ASAP!!
Taking in carbon dioxide in hot, dry conditions is a challenge for plants because they can lose water through their open pores. Plants get around this by:
Opening pores just long enough to get carbon dioxide and convert it to a 4C sugar, then completing sugar fixation in a separate location away from the pore (This is done by _____ plants, like _____).
Opening pores at night to get carbon dioxide and convert it to a 4C sugar, then completing sugar fixation with pores closed during the day (This is done by _____ plants, like _____).
Opening pores just long enough to get carbon dioxide and convert it to a 4C sugar, then completing sugar fixation in a separate location away from the pore (This is done by CAM plants, like cacti and succulents).
Opening pores at night to get carbon dioxide and convert it to a 4C sugar, then completing sugar fixation with pores closed during the day (This is done by C4 plants, like corn and sugarcane).
What are the CAM about?CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants, like cacti and succulents, open their stomata (pores) at night when it is cooler and more humid to take in carbon dioxide and convert it to a 4C sugar. They then complete sugar fixation in a separate location away from the stomata, reducing water loss during the day when it is hot and dry.
Therefore, C4 plants, like corn and sugarcane, open their stomata at night to get carbon dioxide and convert it to a 4C sugar, then complete sugar fixation with the pores closed during the day, also reducing water loss during the day when it is hot and dry.
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5. Identify figure 5.1 Fig. 5.1 a. Label epidermis, cortex, phloem, conjunctive tissue, protoxylem and metaxylem 6. Given figure is of secondary growth in stem label the figure. a. List the stages in secondary growth.
Dicot roots undergo secondary growth in two stages: a) the development and activity of the vascular cambium; and b) the development and activity of the cork cambium.
Between the xylem and phloem in roots is a collection of parenchymatous or sclerenchymatous cells known as conjunctive tissue. Within the body of the plant, xylem transmits sap and water, and phloem delivers organic food. These cells initiate the lateral roots and vascular cambium during the secondary growth. The pith is minute or barely noticeable. The lateral meristems, which are inactive in herbs or herbaceous plants, are responsible for the secondary growth of plants, which results in an increase in stem thickness. There are two categories of lateral tissues that participate in secondary growth: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
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FILL IN THE BLANK while_____ involves the stimulation of sense organs,______ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
While sensation involves the stimulation of sense organs, perception involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
The sensation is the activation of the senses. The process of choosing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information is perception. All forms of perception entail nervous system signals, which are generated when the sense organs are physically or chemically stimulated.
Stimulation of the perception of the senses the process of choosing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experience blindness from lack of focus absolute threshold: the inability to see completely observable things or events due to other attentional demands.
In addition to the physical strength of the stimulus, other elements that affect sensory sensitivity include sensory adaptation, progressive loss of sensitivity to chronic exposure, and the olfactory system.
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Refer to the periodic table entry below to answer the following question.
Answer:
The atomic Number is 42 and it has 18 electrons in the n=3shell
Explanation:
Answer:
The last choice
Explanation:
Atomic numbers are found on the top left, and the number below is the molar mass.
Explain whether a graph was the appropriate type for the data being presented. (example, its a line graph but should have been a pie graph)
Explain mistakes in the way a graph is set-up. (example, the line graph did not use consistent or equal x-axis units)
How and what data could you arrange in a graph. (example, I could make a pie graph with this data)
Analyze a graph and explain some conclusion(s). (example, this bar graph showers fewer people will ____________
No, a line graph is not the appropriate type for the data being presented if it should have been a pie graph.
What is Line graph?A line graph is a type of graphical data representation that shows how a certain value or set of values have changed over time by connecting a number of different data points.
Data trends or changes over time are frequently visualised using this technique.
Line graphs—also known as line charts—are used to display quantitative data gathered over a certain subject and a defined time period.
There is a line connecting each data point to the others.
In statistics, a line graph is a distinctive type of graph that is frequently employed. In relation to another quantity, it shows how one quantity has changed.
This graph, for instance, might be used to illustrate how the cost of various chocolate flavours fluctuates.
Usually, a two-dimensional XY plane is used to plot this variation.
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Which cells are more efficient at obtaining nutrients and maintaining homeostasis?
medium cells
large cells
extra large cells
small cells
The correct answer is Option D: Small Cells
Small cells are generally more efficient at obtaining nutrients and maintaining homeostasis. This is because they have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, which allows them to more easily absorb nutrients and exchange waste products with their environment. Additionally, small cells are able to respond more quickly to changes in their environment, which helps them maintain homeostasis.
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fill in the blank. ___ which represents an organism that creates a body cavity, but that cavity is formed from the mesoderm and endoderm.
Coelomates are creatures with fluid-filled cavities in their bodies that are lined with tissue from the mesoderm germ layer. A bodily cavity that is lined is a real coelom.
The Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata are only a few of the many animal phyla that are coelomates. All vertebrate species, including humans, are coelomates.
Pseudocoelomates are organisms with a body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm tissue and partially filled with fluid. Between the mesoderm and the endoderm lies a hollow called a pseudocoelom. Rotten roundworms are pseudocoelomates (phylum Nematoda).
Earthworms, snails, insects, starfish, and vertebrates are eucoelomates, a class of creatures. Mesoderm and endoderm tissue make comprise the body cavity of a third group of triploblasts. Pseudocoelomates are these creatures.
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FILL IN THE BLANK In the diploid cells of an organism, there can be ______ different allele(s) of a given single-copy nuclear gene
In the diploid cells of an organism, there can be three different allele(s) of a given single-copy nuclear gene.
A specific gene in a diploid organism has three distinct alleles. Two of these three alleles display co-dominance, and one of them is recessive. A specific gene in a diploid organism has three distinct alleles. A specific gene in a diploid organism has three distinct alleles.
Two of these three alleles display co-dominance, and one of them is recessive. When an organism's cells have two full sets of chromosomes, with one chromosome from each parent present in each pair, the organism is said to be diploid. Since humans have 23 chromosomal pairs in the majority of their cells, they are diploid.
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A large dry area that stretches across north africa and is very difficult to live in or travel across
Answer:
Sahara Desert
Explanation:
One variant in the green groups (Groups 1, 3, and 6) was used to make a vaccine that was distributed very early in the pandemic. Based on the graphed data, does it look like the vaccine was effective? Why or why not?
The green line never reaches 100 on the y-axis, indicating that it was successful used to make a vaccine that was distributed very early in the pandemic.
An effective acquired immunity to a specific infectious or cancerous disease is provided by a vaccination, which is a biological preparation. [1] Numerous studies and independent assessments have confirmed the vaccinations' efficacy and safety. The typical component of a vaccination is an agent that closely resembles a microbe that causes a disease; this agent is frequently created from weakened or deceased versions of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent induces the body's immune system to identify the agent as a threat, eliminate it, and then identify and eliminate any associated bacteria that it may come into contact with in the future.
Vaccines can be either preventive (to shield against or lessen the symptoms of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen) or therapeutic (to treat a condition that has already developed).
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The alveoli are air sacs inside our lungs where gas exchange occurs between our bodies and the air in the atmosphere. Based on the data in the table, which gas is present in the least amount in both the atmosphere and in the lungs?
a) CO2
b) H2O
c) N2
d) O2
Our lungs' alveoli are air sacs where gas exchange between our bodies and atmospheric air takes place. The least amount of CO2 is found in the atmosphere and the lungs.
About 78.08 percent of the dry air on Earth is composed of nitrogen, 20.95 percent of it of oxygen, and 0.93 percent of it is argon. The remaining fraction, or 0.04 percent, is made up of a variety of trace gases, such as ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases. Although these greenhouse gases only make up a small portion of our atmosphere, they are crucial in trapping the Earth's radiant heat and preventing it from escaping into space, which warms our planet and increases the greenhouse effect.
Therefore, CO2 only makes up 0.04% of the gases with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and 5.2% of the gases in alveoli.
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with reference to camel and reptile discuss how animal adapted to life in desert
Camel and reptiles are both animals that have adapted to life in the desert.
Camel:
Camels have thick fur or hair that helps insulate them from the hot sun and retain moisture.
They have wide, padded feet that help them walk on sand without sinking.
Camels can go long periods of time without drinking water because they can store water in their humps.
Reptiles:
Reptiles are cold-blooded, which means they can tolerate the extreme temperatures of the desert.
They can conserve water by spending most of the day in burrows or under rocks where it is cooler.
Some reptiles, such as the desert horned lizard, can survive by storing water in their bodies.
Some species like the desert tortoise, can bury themselves underground to escape from the heat.
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complete question :
How have camels and reptiles adapted to life in the desert?
name the labeled organelles in the animal cell model. orgaelle a hint: this organelle collects; packages, organizes, and distributes; proteins; carbohydrates; and lipids. organelle b (full name) hint: this organelle contains ribosomes b
Organelle A is Golgi apparatus and Organelle B is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in animal cell model.
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a cellular organelle found in eukaryotic cells that plays an important role in the modification, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids. The Golgi is made up of several stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened, membrane-bound sacs and tubules that is present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is a multifunctional organelle that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, folding, and modification.
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Which of the following best illustrates the importance of altered DNA nucleotides in evolutionary processes?
a. Bacteria have a single circular chromosome whereas eukaryotes have several linear chromosomes
b. short bits of single-stranded DNA left at the end of DNA molecules cut by restriction enzymes
c. the fragments will bond to other fragments with complementary single-stranded ends
d. In a temporally variable environment, a population of bacteria with an elevated rate in replication error can have a selective advantage over other populations with lower rates in replication error.
Another mechanism that remove & replace damaged bases is nucleotide excision repair. The DNA double helix can sustain several sorts of damage, which nucleotide excision repair can identify and fix.
Describe a nucleotide?They function as deoxyribonucleic acid polymers' monomeric units. A phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, as well as a nitrogenous base make up a nucleotide. Adenine, cytosine, purine, and thymine are the four nitrogenous compounds found in DNA. Instead of thymine, uracil is found in RNA. All recognized living things have genetic material made up of a chain of nucleotides. They perform numerous other tasks, such as acting as molecules that move energy and as messengers, in addition to storing genetic information.
Describe a polymer?Greek terms for whence the word "polymer" is derived.
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Based on the cladogram, which stateme: BEST supports the claim that flowering plants are related to earlier plants?
С
A.
Flowering plants have true leaves like ferns, and they produce pollen and seeds like the ginkgos and conifers.
B.
Flowering plants have true leaves, produce pollen and seeds, and have ovules and stamen like the ginkgos and conifers.
C.
С
D.
Flowering plants produce endosperm and transport water via xylem but do not produce pollen and seeds like the ginkgos and conifers.
Flowering plants transport water through xylem, have ovules, and produce endosperm, and ginkgos and conifers have true leaves and produce pol
Cladograms are diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades
What is cladogram?
A cladogram is an evolutionary tree that diagrams the ancestral relationships among organisms. In the past, cladograms were drawn based on similarities in phenotypes or physical traits among organisms. Today, similarities in DNA sequences among organisms can also be used to draw cladograms.Examples include vertebrae, hair/fur, feathers, egg shells, four limbs. Continue listing traits until you have one trait common to all groups and enough differences between other groups to make a diagram. It's helpful to group organisms before drawing the cladogram.The three major types are: monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic. Monophyletic means one clade, paraphyletic means around one clade and polyphyletic means many clades.
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I can’t figure out how to answer this question.
A
Explanation:
Nitrogen is also a part of non-living things like the air above and the dirt below. Nitrogen does not stay in one place. It moves slowly between living things, dead things, the air, soil and water. These movements are called the nitrogen cycle.
Based on the data in the table, what is the most likely reason that female tree frogs care for their eggs?
The following questions refer to the essential steps in meiosis described below.1. Formation of four new nuclei, each with half the chromosomes present in the parental nucleus2. Alignment of tetrads at the metaphase plate3. Separation of sister chromatids4. Separation of the homologues; no uncoupling of the centromere5. Synapsis; chromosomes moving to the middle of the cell in pairsFrom the descriptions above, which of the following is the order that most logically illustrates a sequence of meiosis?1, 2, 3, 4, 55, 3, 2, 4, 14, 5, 2, 1, 35, 2, 4, 3, 1
The following questions refer to the essential steps in meiosis described below is Separation of sister chromatids .
What is difference between chromosomes and chromatids?Chromosomes carry DNA, which is the genetic material of that organism. Chromatids help the cells to duplicate and in turn, aid in cell division. A chromosome is present throughout the life cycle of the cell. A chromatid is formed only when the cell under goes through either mitosis or meiosis stages.
Is a chromosome 1 or 2 chromatids?Chromatid is one of the halves of a chromosome. A chromosome contains only one chromatid. When the cell cycle occurs then after the completion of the S-phase of the cell cycle, the chromosome contains two identical sister chromatids.
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What does denature mean? In other words, how is an enzyme’s shape related to its function?
Answer:
Down bellow
Explanation:
A denatured enzyme refers to an enzyme that has lost its normal three-dimensional, or tertiary, structure. Once an enzyme loses this structure and is denatured, it is no longer able to function.
What is optimal foraging theory?
Kreb’s Cycle (What goes in and what comes out…Explain NAD+ to NADH here). For full points use the vocabulary HYDROGEN ATOM, PROTON, and ELECTRON in your answer
The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
What is Kreb's cycle?The cycle is a key part of cellular respiration and is responsible for the production of energy in the form of ATP.
The cycle starts with the conversion of a molecule of acetyl-CoA, which is derived from the breakdown of glucose and other fuels, into citrate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthase and consumes one molecule of CoA and one molecule of oxaloacetate.
The citrate then undergoes a series of reactions that involve the removal of CO2 and the addition of hydrogen atoms (in the form of protons and electrons) to the molecule. These hydrogen atoms are picked up by a series of electron carriers, including NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). The electrons from the hydrogen atoms are used to produce ATP and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide) through the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
NAD+ is an oxidizing agent which accepts electrons and protons and is reduced to NADH. The electrons of NADH will be passed on to the electron transport chain to generate ATP. The cycle continues until all of the citrate has been converted back into its starting molecule, oxaloacetate.
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In 2010 scientists excavated a skull fossil that provides evidence of a newly discovered species of big cat. Scientists hypothesize that big cats branched off from smaller wild cats about 6 million years ago. Which of these resources did the scientists most likely rely on to form their hypothesis?
answer choices
a food web showing feeding relationships of organisms where the fossil skull was found
population and migration data for small wild cats living in the ecosystem where the skull was found
the fossil record and DNA comparisons of big cats and small cats
the historical record of interactions between different species of big cats
The ratio of radioactive argon to radioactive potassium in a rock is measured using the potassium-argon dating method to establish the age of the rock.
The best method for dating a fossilized skull associated with Homo Erectus, a species that emerged around 1.9 million years ago, would likely be potassium-argon (K/A) dating of the supporting rock. By measuring the ratio of radioactive potassium to radioactive argon in the rock, the potassium-argon dating technique establishes the age of rocks. This dating technique is based on the radioactive potassium-40, which is present in minerals and rocks, decaying to radioactive argon-40 and calcium-40. From 4.3 billion years ago (the Earth's age) to around 100,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating is reliable. With present detection methods, only 0.0053% of the potassium-40 in a rock would have converted to argon-40 after 100,000 years.
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