B. crossovers between non-sister chromatids is least likely to produce recombinant chromosomes.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic information through a process called recombination or crossing over. This process can happen between homologous chromosomes, as well as between sister chromatids, which are identical copies of a single chromosome.
A crossover between homologous chromosomes is most likely to produce recombinant chromosomes, as it leads to the exchange of genetic information between different chromosomes. This results in the creation of new combinations of genetic information, which can lead to genetic diversity.
A crossover between sister chromatids is also likely to produce recombinant chromosomes, as it leads to the exchange of genetic information within a single chromosome.
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Do clams have 100 eyes?.
The exposed mantle of giant clams (Tridacna spp.) has a large number of tiny pinhole-like eyes.
Several hundred tiny pinhole eyes, commonly known as hyaline organs, on the exposed mantle have been observed in giant clams. Clam eyes can detect changes in light levels because they are light-sensitive.
They retract their siphon and mantle and partially seal their shells in response to abrupt light dimming, object movement, and sudden strong light. This could happen in a natural setting when predators like as fish and birds in the big sea pass over the clam, changing the light levels or inducing a "shadow response."
The mollusks known as bivalves are enclosed in two identical cupped shells that are connected by a and have experienced several evolutions. Mollusks have a variety of distinct eye shapes. Some clams have compound eyes with many nits , which set them apart from the compound eyes of insects.
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How has the study of mitosis affected scientists knowledge of cancer it led to a study?.
The study of mitosis has affected scientists’ knowledge of cancer. It led to a study of how to induce cancer cells to divide more rapidly.
This knowledge can be used to better comprehend centrosomes, the human cell's SPB homologue. The majority of cancer types have aberrant centrosome size or shape in cancer cells.
Since the regular "checkpoints" that control mitosis are disregarded or overturned by the cancer cell, cancer is fundamentally a mitotic illness. Cancer development starts with the conversion of a single healthy cell into a cancer cell.
During the mitotic stage of cell division, these proteins are expressed more. Thus, blocking the cell cycle during the mitotic phase may lead to an increase in immune resistance, which can aid cancer cells in fending off immunological attack.
Complete question:
How has the study of mitosis affected scientists’ knowledge of cancer?
It led to a study of how to induce cancer cells to divide more rapidly.
It led to an understanding of how cancer cells divide so rapidly.
It led to the development of contact-inhibition regulators.
It led to the discovery of how to prevent cancer cells from dividing.
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how do muscles behave when theyre not working?
When your muscles don't function or move normally, muscular function loss happens. Being unable to contract your muscles regularly is known as complete muscular loss, or paralysis. You won't be able to control the damaged body parts correctly if your muscles stop working. This symptom is frequently an indication of a severe health issue, such as a major injury, a drug overdose, or a coma.
what are muscles ?Muscles are soft tissues. Many stretchy fibers make up your muscles. You have more than 600 muscles in your body. Muscles of the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac types make up the muscular system, an organ system. The blood is circulated throughout the body, allowing for mobility and maintaining posture. However, some muscles can function entirely independently. Vertebrate muscular systems are controlled by the neurological system.
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What happens if there is no chlorophyll in the leaves?.
A lack of chlorophyll, the natural pigment that gives green plants their colour, results in chlorosis, a yellowing of the leaf tissue.
Chlorosis may be brought on by issues with drainage, damaged roots, compacted roots, high alkalinity, and nutrient deficiencies in the plant.
If a plant doesn't produce enough chlorophyll, which it does naturally, it will die and lose its green hue, turning brownish-yellow.
However, there is a small distinction between how plants with green leaves absorb solar energy and how plants without green leaves carry out photosynthesis without chlorophyll. The entire visible light spectrum is absorbed by green leaves. These light waves are reddish-orange and violet-blue.
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what shape does a bloodstain make when it falls perpendicular to a surface
A bloodstain from a perpendicular fall will typically make a round or oval shape.
What is bloodstain?
Bloodstain is a dried area of blood on a surface such as clothing, carpet, or other material. Bloodstains can be the result of a crime, an accident, or a medical procedure. Bloodstains can also be used in forensic science to help identify a perpetrator or victim. They are studied to determine the shape, size, and composition of the blood. Bloodstains can also be used to determine the angle and direction of the impact that caused them.
Therefore, A bloodstain from a perpendicular fall will typically make a round or oval shape.
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how was the origin and evolution of cyanobacteria possible?
Cyanobacteria are autotrophic microbes with a long evolutionary history and a variety of fascinating metabolic characteristics.
The photosynthesis that cyanobacteria do evolves oxygen and resembles that of plants. Two of cyanobacteria's most significant evolutionary contributions are the oxygen-rich atmosphere of Earth and the plastid origins of plants.
In addition, the fossil record of cyanobacteria is nearly entirely from shallow marine environments, frequently from the intertidal zone or hypersaline lacustrine. Terrestrial deposits are less frequently preserved in the geological record, which may skew our perception of the biological ranges of prehistoric organisms.
According to some theories, marine planktonic cyanobacteria evolved after crown groups in freshwater, terrestrial, and benthic coastal contemporary habitats.
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What is Darwin's theory of natural selection and give examples?.
Natural selection is the theory behind evolution put forth by Charles Darwin. Given the scarcity of resources in nature, animals with heritable features that promote survival and reproduction will typically produce more offspring than their contemporaries, leading to an increase in the frequency of such traits across successive generations.
According to Darwin's theory of natural selection in evolution, only the strongest organisms may survive and procreate in the world. The organism with advantageous features will therefore endure. In any population, a natural overabundance of children causes a perpetual struggle for survival. People who possess variants that aid in their ability to survive and reproduce tend to live longer and have more children than those who lack such variations. The advantageous variations are passed down to the offspring of survivors, and this process repeats again with each subsequent generation until the variation becomes a recognizable trait. The organisms within the environment alter and adapt to the new living circumstances as the environment changesLearn more about natural selection
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how to activate the immune system to produce specific antibodies produced by the b lymphocytes ?
Antigens that bind to the clonally produced B cell receptors (BCRs) start the process of B lymphocyte activation by starting signalling cascades that cause the transcription of a number of genes related to B cell activation.
When a B-receptor cell's identifies and attaches to an antigen, the B-cell is activated. However, the second element indicated above—stimulation by an active helper T cell—is often required for B-cell activation.
The immune system's B lymphocytes are created from stem cells in the bone marrow. also known as a B cell. Enlarge. blood cell formation. To develop into a red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell, a blood stem cell must go through a number of stages.
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You see a new island forming the middle of the ocean from a volcano. You think it probably formed because...
a. It is located at a plate boundary and there is subducting plates allowing magma to come to the surface
b. It is located on a hotspot - a weak place on earth where magma comes to the surface
c. There is way too much pollution in the ocean d. Ocean currents caused this to form
it is located at a plate boundary and there is subducting plates allowing magma to come to the surface
True or Fale: In diffuion, particle move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
"Particles migrate in diffuion from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration area."
The statement is false.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance's individual molecules over a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion is the total net transfer of a substance from one concentration to another. Diffusion is fueled by a gradient in the chemical potential or Gibbs free energy.
The movement of materials into and out of cells is facilitated by diffusion. The molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration is the same everywhere.
Due to the possibility of random molecule movement, diffusion happens in gases and liquids.
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1. Brainstorm a list of the things you know that are in your blood .
In a medical setting, the amount of substances in blood can be a key indicator to health or disease.
An average human has approximately 5L of blood. Inside this 5L are the cellular component and a liquid portion made
mostly of water, called plasma. The cellular component contains the red and white blood cells, as well as platelets that aid
in blood clotting. The remainder of the blood is plasma, containing all other dissolved nutrients such as glucose, ions and
proteins.
A centrifuge can be used to separate the cellular components from the plasma. The red blood cells would travel to the
bottom of the centrifuge tube and make up almost 45% of the blood. A measure of the percentage volume of whole blood
that is made up of red blood cells is called the haematocrit. The platelets (0.17%) and white cells (0.1%) would form a very
thin layer called the buffy coat and sit just on top of the red cells. The plasma would be at the top and would be about 55%
of the total blood volume.
Blood is composed of red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), plasma and platelets.
What is blood?
Blood is a connective tissue. Solids and liquids make up your blood. Water, salts, and protein make up the plasma, which is the liquid component. Your blood contains more than 50% plasma. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets make up your blood's solid portion.
Your tissues and organs receive oxygen from your lungs through red blood cells (RBC). It transports nutrients and excretory products in the body.
Thus, this are the components of blood.
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what type of bond holds together the complementary nucleotides?
Hydrogen bonds are the type of bond holds together the complementary nucleotides.
The G-C and A-T base pairs form hydrogen bonds that hold the two complementary nucleotide strands of each DNA molecule's double helix together. The genetic data contained in an organism's DNA serves as a repository for all of the protein synthesis instructions that will ever be needed. The two strands are joined together by potent hydrogen bonds. Due to their anti-parallel orientation, the two strands are precisely aligned.
When nucleotides are incorporated into DNA, a covalent binding between the 5′ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3′-OH group of another nucleotide is formed. This covalent interaction is known as a phosphodiester bond. In this way, phosphate-sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate forms the "backbone" of each DNA strand.
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how many layers of phospholipids make up a typical cell membrane?
A typical cell membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids.
What is cell membrane?Cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin, flexible, semipermeable barrier that surrounds the outside of a cell. It helps to regulate what substances enter or leave a cell, as well as providing structure and support to the cell. The cell membrane also contains proteins that facilitate cellular communication, help transport molecules into and out of the cell, and serve as recognition sites for other cells.
Each layer consists of a phospholipid bilayer, which is made up of two layers of phospholipids that have hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. The hydrophilic heads are arranged on the outside of the membrane, forming the outer surface of the bilayer. The hydrophobic tails are arranged in the middle of the bilayer, forming the inner surface of the membrane. This arrangement of phospholipids creates a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell, and it is this barrier that helps to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
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Why is Sickle Cell Anemia a good example of how evolutionary thinking can help us better understand human diseases?
a.) The fact that the sickle cell allele has increased in humans over time shows that evolution does not always make the population stronger.
b.) Sickle Cell Anemia is harmful, therefore the allele is dying out over time.
c.) Sickle Cell Anemia shows how a mutation that is beneficial in one environment can be harmful in another.
d.) The high prevalence of the sickle cell allele in people of African descent caused scientists to investigate whether there were any beneficial effects of the mutation
Sickle Cell Anemia is a good example of how evolutionary thinking can help us better understand human diseases because the high prevalence of the sickle cell allele in people of African descent caused scientists to investigate whether there were any beneficial effects of the mutation.
What do you mean sickle cell anemia?A series of blood abnormalities known as sickle cell disease (SCD) are commonly hereditary. The most typical variety is referred to as sickle cell anemia. The oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin in red blood cells becomes dysfunctional as a result. In certain cases, this results in a hard, sickle-like form. Sickle cell disease problems often start at the age of 5 to 6 months. Anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections, stroke, and pain episodes (also known as sickle cell crises) are just a few of the health issues that could arise. As people age, they may experience chronic pain. In the developed world, people typically live between 40 and 60 years.
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which of these statements about enzyme inhibitors is true?
The action of inhibitors may be both either reversible or irreversible is trues about enzyme inhibitors.
What is enzyme inhibitors?
A chemical that binds to an enzyme and inhibits its activity is termed as an enzyme inhibitor. Proteins are referred as enzymes speed up the chemical processes that turn substrate molecules into products and are essential for life. An enzyme inhibitor is what? Inhibitors of enzyme activity are chemicals that bind to the enzyme without altering the protein structure of the enzyme.
Enzyme inhibition reactions come in three different varieties.
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at the peripheral end of a sensory neuron, detects sensations and triggers impulses.
At the peripheral end of sensory neurons, Receptors are present and they will receive the stimulus.
Receptors are present at the end of the sensory neuron and have various types based on its stimuli. Receptors are present which detect light, sound, touch, pain etc…
The receptors of Light are called Photoreceptors, The receptors of sound Auditory Receptors,Smell are Olfactory receptors,Touch are Tactile Receptors and receptors are also associated with pain, pressure, hot, cold etc...Sensory Neurons are associated with sense organs and they carry the impulses to Brain.Sensory pathways consist of the chain of neurons, from receptor organ to cerebral cortex of brain and they are mainly responsible for senses like Sight, Hearing, Smell, taste and touch.
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what is another plant adaptation that helps a plant reproduce?
The another plant adaptation that helps a plant reproduce is vegetative propagation.
This is a process by which a factory can produce new shops from corridor of its living structure, similar as stems, roots, and leaves. This is an as-exual reproduction system and doesn't bear pollination or the product of seeds. Through vegetative propagation, a factory can make duplicates of itself, producing exact clones of the original factory.
This helps the species to spread to new areas and reproduce in large figures. This type of reduplication is especially useful in species that have difficulty producing feasible seeds or need to establish a large presence snappily. exemplifications of shops that use vegetative propagation include strawberries, mint, and asparagus.
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What do we call the physical expression of a genetic trait
Answer:Phenotype refers to an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.
what is the primary function of the pyloric valve?
Answer: The primary function of pyloric valve is to pass the food from stomach to the top of small intestine
Explanation: The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach is a muscular valve which helps to transfer food from stomach to small intestine.
Stomach is a muscular sac about the size of a small melon . once the stomach breaks the complex and strong muscular contractions , food is pushed towards the pyloric valve . This valve leads to the upper portion of your small intestine, a segment known as the duodenum.
Background check are continuing to how everal PHONE companie are till uing an oppoite ex race & unknown (to me) individual to have regitered my mobile phone number. THIS IS NOW YEAR 8
If an employee fails the background verification, they may be terminated and put on the No-Hire list, which means they can never get a job in that organization.
What is background check?
A background check or background investigation is a review of a potential employee's criminal, commercial and financial records. The goal of background checks is to ensure the safety and security of the employees in the organisation.Criminal background checks will reveal felony and misdemeanor criminal convictions, any pending criminal cases, and any history of incarceration as an adult. Arrests pending prosecution may also be reported, and in some cases, arrests that did not lead to a criminal conviction may also appear.There are plenty of reasons a person may not pass a background check, including criminal history, education discrepancies, poor credit history, damaged driving record, false employment history, and a failed drug test.To learn more about mobile refers to:
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Is RNA testing genetic testing?.
RNA analysis, which is an output of gene expression, and biochemical analysis, which measures a specific protein output, are two examples of ways that genetic testing can quantify the effects of genetic changes.
While RNA and DNA both contain bases that contain nitrogen and are connected by sugar-phosphate backbones, RNA and DNA differ from each other physically and functionally. DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded structurally. Thymine, also known as 5-methyl uracil, is a pyrimidine nucleobase found in DNA, whereas uracil is a distinct pyrimidine nucleobase found in RNA. However, studies have demonstrated that further RNA testing aids in overcoming DNA testing's limitations. Combining DNA and RNA tests can produce answers that are much more accurate and nuanced, especially when it comes to testing results that are currently unclear.
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What is the role of osmosis in the dialysis process?
Osmosis moves excess fluids from blood to the dialysate for removal.
-Osmosis moves excess fluids from dialysate to the blood to replenish the patient.
-Osmosis moves small waste molecules from blood to the dialysate for removal.
-Osmosis moves large components like blood cells and proteins to dialysate for removal.
what is osmosis?
osmosis is movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to solution with lower concentration of water molecules, through cell's partially permeable membrane
Any harmful substances will then diffuse into dialysis fluid from blood vessels in peritoneum. Because dialysis fluid contains sugar or substances similar to sugar, excess water is also removed from blood by osmosis.
The spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through semipermeable membrane (one that blocks passage of dissolved substances
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What determines the function of a specialized cell?
A The type of RNA in the cell
B the number of ribosomes in the cell
C the number of chromosomes in the cell
D the active genes in the cell
Option D the active genes in the cell determines the function of a specialized cell.
What is the relationship between cell specialization and gene expression?The relationship between cell specialization and gene expression is that the expression of specific genes is what enables a cell to become specialized. Cell specialization is the result of the expression of certain genes that control the development, function, and maintenance of the cell's specialized characteristics.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that gene expression in a cell will determine its specialization such as for example, a muscle cell will have a different gene expression profile than a skin cell.
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the muscles involved in the breathing process are in a relaxed state _____________ .
The muscles involved in the breathing process are in a relaxed state during exhalation. During normal, quiet breathing, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during inhalation and relax during exhalation.
As the breathing diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, they increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, which decreases the pressure inside the lungs, and air flows into the lungs to equalize the pressure. As breathing the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax during exhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, increasing the pressure inside the lungs, and air flows out of the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles are in a relaxed state and the lungs release the air that was taken in during inhalation. breathing process is called passive exhalation, as the muscles are not actively contracting to push the air out of the lungs, but instead the air flows out due to the elastic recoil of the lungs and the natural tendency for gases to move from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure.
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dentify at least two factors that can affect respiratory rate and describe how they affect it .
Answer:
A number of factors can influence the respiration rate, such as:
Age – younger children generally have higher oxygen demands and therefore breath faster
Pain – pain will cause an increase in respiration rate
Emotion – emotion will cause an increase in respiration rate
Resistance from air passages – increased resistance (e.g. in asthma) prevents as much air entering the lungs during each cycle. The demand for oxygen will then increase, increasing the respiration rate.
Fever – fever increases the body’s demand for oxygen, increasing the respiration rate
Elasticity of the lungs – the less elastic the lungs, the less air can enter the lungs each cycle, increasing the respiration rate.
Chemical changes – chemical changes in the body, caused by hypoxia, metabolic disorders or medications / drugs, can cause the respiration rate to increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus
What are the two laws that Mendel developed how are they met in meiosis?.
Gregor Mendel proposed the law of inheritance after seven years of research on pea plants. The laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment are among Mendel's laws of inheritance.
According to the law of segregation, each person has two alleles, but only one of them is passed on to the next generation. Mendel also tested green against yellow peas, round versus wrinkled, and other features that contrasted. He discovered that the outcomes were consistent across the board. He created the laws of Segregation and Dominance based on this. Mendel tested two qualities, each with two alleles, in a dihybrid cross.
Gametocytes (sperm and eggs) are produced during the meiotic process, which results in their having half (haploid) of each parent's DNA. According to Mendel's law of segregation, haploid gametes must partition the genes of the parents equally in order for their offspring to have an equal chance of acquiring either one or the other.
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What were the important steps in Mendel's first experiments?.
There were three important steps in Mendel's first experiment: selection of true breeding varieties, hybridization, and self-pollination of these varieties.
Mendel experimented with garden pea hybridization. He investigated how seven various morphological features, such as seed colour, plant height, seed shape, etc., are passed down across generations in pea plants. Mendel chose the true-breeding variety for his parental generation tests (P generation). The kinds that produce the same feature throughout a number of subsequent generations are considered true breeding varieties. Mendel created hybrid plants by breeding many genuine breeding species.
Hybridization occurs when two people with divergent personalities are crossed. These hybrids are also known as F1 plants or F1 (first filial) generation hybrids. Mendel discovered that just one of the phenotypes present in the parental generation was expressed in the F1 plants when he examined them. Selfing or self-pollination occurs when two individuals with the same genotype cross, or reproduce, naturally. Mendel produced F2 plants in a 3:1 ratio of parental triats by growing plants from F1 seeds, cultivating them, and allowing them to self-pollinate.
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What is the product of the Calvin cycle that leaves and can then form sugars *?.
The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to produce sugar.
The Calvin cycle reactions add carbon (from atmospheric CO2) to RuBP, a simple five-carbon molecule. These reactions make use of the chemical energy generated by the light reactions, NADPH and ATP.
Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, three ADP molecules, and two NADP+ molecules are the immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle. (ADP and NADP+ are not technically "products. They are regenerated and then reused in light-dependent reactions). Each G3P molecule has three carbons.
The Calvin cycle produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). It is a three-carbon sugar that serves as the foundation for the synthesis of other carbohydrates. While some of this G3P is available for molecular synthesis and is utilized to create fructose diphosphate, some is used to regenerate the RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue.
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Some students were building a model of a
digestive system. Which choice best
describes a process they should show with
their model?
F Tissues digest food for the organ
system to absorb.
GCells digest food, which is then
absorbed by organs.
Organs digest food by working
together as a system.
(H)
The organ system uses specialized
cells to digest food.
The digestive process is divided into four steps: ingestion, chemical and mechanical food breakdown, nutrient absorption, and expulsion of indigestible food.
What does the digestive process entail?
The digestive process starts as soon as something is chewed. In order for food to pass more easily through your esophagus and into your stomach, saliva, a digestive juice produced by your salivary glands, moistens the food. The carbs in food also begin to be broken down by an enzyme found in saliva.
Motility, digestion, absorption, and secretion are the four fundamental functions of the digestive system. Our digestive system transforms our food into energy that we can use.
The digestive system's initial function is to take in food through the mouth. The "ingesting" procedure must take place before anything else can happen.
The complete question is:
Some students were building a model of a digestive system. Which choice best describes a process they should show with their model?
a) F Tissues digest food for the organ system to absorb.
b) G Cells digest food, which is then absorbed by organs.
c) Organs digest food by working together as a system.
d) The organ system uses specialized cells to digest food.
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What are the 4 concepts of evolution?.
Variation, inheritance, selection, and time are the four concepts that regulate evolution. These are viewed as components of the evolutionary process driven by natural selection. The hypothesis of evolution through natural selection uses these ideas as a conceptual baseline.
Individuals in every species have different genetic make-ups, which result in numerous differences in their physical appearance. Similar to this, individuals pass on a portion of their genetic material to the upcoming generation through inheritance. Some of these hereditary traits help the progeny perform better in challenging circumstances. Later, they produce more children of their own with a more developed set of traits. This process of selection causes changes in the species throughout time. The accumulation of these changes in a species, however, may take days, months, decades, or even millions of years.
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