Write a bond-line formula for each of the following compounds:


(a) 1,4-Dichloropentane

(b) sec-Butyl bromide

(c) 4-Isopropylheptane (k) 1,4-Dicyclopropylhexane

(d) 2,2,3- Trimethylpentane (I) Neopentyl alcohol

(e) 3-Ethyl-2 methylhexane

(f) Dichlorocyclopentane

(g) cis-1,2 Dimethylcyclopropane

(h) trans-1,2 Dimethylcyclopropane

(i) 4-Methyl-2-pentanol G) trans-4 Isobutyleyclohexanol (m) Bicyclo[2. 2. 2Joctane (n) Bicycl0butane (o) Cyclopentylcyclopentane (p) 7-Methyl bicyclo[2. 2. 1]heptane

1) X is reduced and Y is oxidized

2) Y is a better oxidizing agent than Z

3) X is a better oxidizing agents than Y

4) The order of the oxidizing abilities are;

X > Y > Z

An oxidizing agent is a chemical substance that accepts electrons from other substances, thereby oxidizing them. In this process, the oxidizing agent becomes reduced itself. Oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and are known as redox reactions.

An oxidizing agent has the ability to transfer electrons to another substance, resulting in an increase in oxidation state (the number of electrons an atom has lost or gained) of the oxidized substance and a decrease in oxidation state of the oxidizing agent.

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NH3 is polar because it has a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry and the nitrogen atom has a higher electronegativity than the hydrogen atoms, giving it a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atoms a partial positive charge.

This creates a dipole moment, making NH3 a polar molecule.

On the other hand, PH3 is nonpolar because it has a tetrahedral molecular geometry and the phosphorus and hydrogen atoms all have the same electronegativity, so there is no dipole moment and no net separation of charge. Thus, PH3 is a nonpolar molecule.

The polarity of a molecule depends on its molecular geometry and the electronegativity of its atoms. The polar NH3 has a trigonal pyramidal shape with a more electronegative nitrogen atom, while the nonpolar PH3 has a tetrahedral shape with atoms of the same electronegativity.

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According to the First Law of Thermodynamics ΔU = Q + W in IUPAC convention, it follows that Q = −W for the isothermal expansion or compression of an ideal gas.

In thermodynamics, an isothermal process is one of the types of thermodynamic processes, in which the temperature (T) of a system remains constant, i.e. ΔT = 0. This, in a typical manner, occurs when a system is in direct contact with an outside thermal reservoir, and a change in this system occurs slowly enough to allow the system to be continuously and gradually adjusted to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange.

When the vacuum gets expanded in an isothermal expansion, it leads to the free expansion of a gas. In the case of an ideal gas, the rate of free expansion is NIL (0), that implies that the work done is 0. The value of 0 is the result regardless of whether the isothermal expansion process is irreversible or reversible. 

Some of the examples of reversible cases of isothermal process include converting ice from its solid-state to the liquid-state of water, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation in milling a chemical, etc.

Examples for an irreversible condition of an isothermal process include work that is done against the friction, , magnetic hysteresis, Joule’s heating effect, etc.

The relation between Q and W during an isothermal expansion process is: Q = -W

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At standard temperature and pressure (STP), one mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 liters is 0.22 Liters.

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Two species can indirectly compete for the same resource even when they never come in contact with one another if they depend on the same resource but at different times.

An example of indirect competition is for example where two insect feeds on a certain plant during the day and another species feeds on the same plant during the night.

Indirect competition occurs when animals that use the same resource don't necessarily interact with one another, such as cheetahs that are active during the day and leopards that are active at night that shares a watering hole in a grassland savanna.

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There are 23 atoms of Fe in a 55.845 gram. As a result, after dividing our mass of 239 grams by the iron formula mass of 55.84 grams per bole, formol equals after calculation.

Use the millimeters to mole formula to calculate the molecular weight n, of a substance with a given mass, m, (in grams) accurately. n = m / M, where M is the substance's molar mass also known as gram-molecular weight. a substance's molecular weight expressed as a mass in grams. Example: NaCl salt weighs 58.44 grams per gram-mole. American Meteorological Society, copyright 2022.

Number of Avogadro = 6.023 × 10²³. The products of every chemical reaction are measured using the Avogadro number. 1 mole of atoms, molecules, or particles is equal to 6.023 x 1023. Calculating the number of molecules is as follows: mole number = quantity of material / mass of one mole.

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There are 23 atoms of Fe in a 55.845 gram. As a result, after dividing our mass of 239 grams by the iron formula mass of 55.84 grams per bole, formol equals after calculation.

Use the millimeters to mole formula to calculate the molecular weight n, of a substance with a given mass, m, (in grams) accurately. n = m / M, where M is the substance's molar mass also known as gram-molecular weight. a substance's molecular weight expressed as a mass in grams. Example: NaCl salt weighs 58.44 grams per gram-mole. American Meteorological Society, copyright 2022.

Number of Avogadro = 6.023 × 10²³. The products of every chemical reaction are measured using the Avogadro number. 1 mole of atoms, molecules, or particles is equal to 6.023 x 1023. Calculating the number of molecules is as follows: mole number = quantity of material / mass of one mole.

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Answer: Physical properties, but not in its identity

Explanation:

Physical changes only change the substances physical properties, not the substance’s identity

Answer:

0. 261

Explanation:

Use ideal gas formula: PV = nRT, meaning that constant R = [tex]0.08206\frac{(L)(atm)}{(K)(mol)}[/tex]

[tex](1 atm)(6.28L) = n(0.08206\frac{(L)(atm)}{(K)(mol)})(293 K) \\n = \frac{(1 atm)(6.28L)}{(0.08206\frac{(L)(atm)}{(K)(mol)})(293 K)} \\n = 0.26119...\\n = 0.261[/tex]

Number one question the answer is 4

The squirrel is sitting at a height of 7.35 m.

Potential energy is the energy that a body possesses as a result of its position.

The squirrel's potential energy E is given by, if the squirrel has mass m and is at height h.

E=mgh

here, g is the acceleration due to gravity.

m = 0.5 kg; E=36 J

Take the acceleration caused by gravity as an example.

g= 9.8 m/s²

Rewrite the energy equation in terms of h.

h= E/ mg

Substitute the given values and calculate the value of h.

h= E/mg

h= 36J/(0.5 kg x9.8 m/s)

h = 7.35 m

The squirrel is at a height of 7.35 m

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Answer: Monomers are small subunits, that when combined, form polymers.

Explanation: I hope this helps!

Its motion's corresponding wavelength is λ = [tex]1.32 \times 10 ^{-35}[/tex]

The wavelength, which will also apply to troughs, is the separation between two wave crests. The frequency is measured in cycles per second (Hz), which is the quantity of vibrations that cross a specific area in a second (Hertz). In this article, the relationship between wavelength and frequency is covered.

The ball (m) has a mass of 0.5 kg.

The ball is moving at a speed of 100 metres per second.

The de Broglie matter-wave equation reveals the following

[tex]\lambda = \frac{h}{mv}[/tex]

where m is mass of the body and v is the velocity and h is height of the body.

[tex]\lambda = \frac{ 6.62\times10^{-34}}{0.5 \times 100 }[/tex]

λ = [tex]1.32 \times 10 ^{-35}[/tex].

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The heat content of a system under constant pressure is expressed as enthalpy (H). Chemists monitor variations in enthalpy of chemical systems when reactants are transformed into products regular basis.

At constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released by a process is the same as the enthalpy change and is denoted by the symbol H. The energy collected and emitted in many chemical processes is in the form of heat. An exothermic reaction is a chemical process that produces heat. An endothermic reaction is a chemical process in which heat is absorbed. Exothermic and endothermic processes collaborate to provide energy. The heat content of a system under constant pressure is expressed as enthalpy (H). Chemists monitor variations in enthalpy of chemical systems when reactants are transformed into products on a regular basis. At constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released by a process is the same as the enthalpy change and is denoted by the symbol H. When a reaction occurs, the components absorb or release energy as heat.

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Answer:

Polar and nonpolar

Explanation:

CO2 is a nonpolar molecule meaning it has equal sharing of electrons

SO2 is a polar molecule meaning that the oxygen pulls slightly more giving it a more bent shape as it has a more negative and a more postive side

The kinetic energy of a 750 kg car moving at 50.0 km h is  72300 joules.

The capacity of an object to perform work is called energy, and like work, energy has a unit called the joule (J). Although energy can take many various forms, kinetic energy is the one that comes to mind when we talk about it. Since it is used to describe moving objects, kinetic energy is frequently conceived of as the energy of motion.

mass of car (m)= 750 kg

speed of car (v)= 50 km/h

= 50 x 5/18

= 13.9 m/s

we know that kinetic energy= 1/2 x m x v²

= 1/2 x 750 x 13.9²

= 72300 joules

so the kinetic energy is 72300 joules.

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If you use too much solvent, the solution may become too dilute to produce crystals. It is critical to gradually chill the flask in room temperature and finally in ice water.

Impurities will be trapped within the crystal  in a hurried crystal formation. In addition, the resultant crystals will be smaller.A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is often a liquid, although it can also be solid, gas, or supercritical fluid. Water is a polar molecular solvent and the most commonly employed solvent by living ; all ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water within the cell.Solvents are  used in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. Organic solvents are used in dry cleaning (for example, tetrachloroethylene); paint thinners (toluene, turpentine); nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate); spot removers (, petrol ether); detergents (citrus ); and scents.

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The stratosphere is the most chemically stratified layer in the atmosphere.

What is the stratosphere?

The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere that is chemically stratified, with the lightest molecules riding above heavier molecules. The ozone layer, which contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) molecules, is located in the stratosphere.

The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and extends from about 15 km to about 50 km above the Earth's surface. This layer is characterized by a relatively constant temperature and is mostly composed of nitrogen and oxygen molecules.

The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Because ozone is lighter than the air below it, it remains in the stratosphere, while the heavier gases in the air below do not reach that high. This chemical stratification is maintained by the balance of ozone production and destruction processes in the stratosphere.

Hence, the stratosphere is the most chemically stratified layer in the atmosphere.

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The point at which the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle intersect is called the circumcenter of the triangle.

What is a circumcenter?

The circumcenter of a triangle is the point where the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle intersect. It is the center of the circumcircle, which is the circle that passes through all three vertices of the triangle.

The circumcenter is equidistant from all three vertices of the triangle and is always inside the triangle. Additionally, it is the intersection of the medians, altitudes, angle bisectors and perpendicular bisectors of the triangle.

The circumcenter can also be found by other methods. It is the intersection of the medians, which are the line segments that connect each vertex of the triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side.

It is also the intersection of the altitudes, which are the line segments that are perpendicular to the sides of the triangle and pass through the opposite vertex. The circumcenter is also the intersection of the angle bisectors, which are the line segments that bisect the angles of the triangle and pass through the vertex of the triangle.

Hence, the point at which the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle intersect is called the circumcenter of the triangle.

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In metals, the valence electrons are considered to be shared by all surrounding atoms.

What is meant by electrons ?

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An automobile gasoline tank contains 20kg of gasoline. And when the gasoline burns, as result, 86kg of oxygen is consumed and water and carbon dioxide are produced. This yields the total combined mass to be produced of carbon dioxide and water is 106kg.

According to the law of mass conservation, the mass of products is equal to the mass of reagents, hence the total aggregated mass of carbon dioxide and water is equal to the total aggregated mass of gasoline and

oxygen.

    Numerically it can  be represered as 20 kg + 86 kg = 106 kg

Hence,  the total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water to be produced is 106kg.

"

Complete question is

An automobile gasoline tank holds 20kg of gasoline. When the gasoline burns, 86kg of oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide and water are produced.

What is the total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water that is produced?

"

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Add an excess of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂).

Adding an excess of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) to the experiment would help to produce the maximum amount of chalk (CaCO₃). Calcium hydroxide is a strong base that can react with carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the air to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO₃).

This reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat, which speeds up the reaction. By adding an excess of calcium hydroxide, Jane would ensure that there is enough of the reactant to react with all of the carbon dioxide present in the air and form the maximum amount of chalk.

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Answer:

They both contain atom, sand would be a silicon dioxide molecule. Salt contain sodium chloride.

Explanation:

Both beach sands and grains of salt are composed of atoms and molecules, representing the fundamental building blocks of matter.

Beach sands and grains of salt are both composed of countless tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Atoms are the basic units of matter, consisting of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Molecules are formed when atoms bond together.

In the case of beach sands, they primarily consist of mineral grains like quartz, each composed of silicon and oxygen atoms bonded together in a crystalline structure. Grains of salt, on the other hand, are made up of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms bonded as sodium chloride (NaCl) molecules.

The relationship between beach sands, salt grains, and atoms lies in their shared composition and arrangement of these fundamental particles, highlighting the underlying unity of matter at the atomic and molecular level.

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Answer:

Land is considered as an important resource as it provides habitation to a wide variety of flora and fauna. It is also used by human beings for various purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses and roads, and setting up industries.

The number of molecules present in 10 grams of a substance depends on the molar mass of the substance.

The molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance (6.022 x 10²³) of its molecules. To determine the number of molecules present in 10 grams, we can use the formula:

Number of moles = mass/molar mass Number of molecules

= Number of moles x Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³)

For example, if the substance is water, its molar mass is 18.015 grams per mole, and 10 grams of water would contain:

Number of moles = 10/18.015 = 0.5556 moles

Number of molecules = 0.5556 x 6.022 x 10²³ = 3.33 x 10²²

It's important to note that Avogadro's number, which is the number of atoms, ions, or molecules in one mole of a substance, is a physical constant and is the same for all substances. So, the number of molecules present in 10 grams of a substance can be calculated by dividing the mass of the substance by its molar mass and then multiplying it by Avogadro's number.

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A bond that is formed between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom with a positive dipole is called a Hydrogen Bond.

Hydrogen bonding is a special and important type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, unlike a covalent bond, to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force existing between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine atoms or any other very electronegative atom. Hydrogen bond strengths range from 4 kJ(kilojoule) to 50 kJ per mole of hydrogen bonds.

In molecules containing bonds of N-H, O-H or F-H, the large difference in electronegativity between the H atom and the other atoms of N, O or F leads to a highly polar covalent bond (i.e., a bond dipole).

Because of the difference in electronegativities of the atoms, the H atom bears a large partial positive charge and the other electronegative atoms of N, O or F bear a large partial negative charge.

Some examples of molecules or compounds having hydrogen bonding are as follows.

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After 116 years, 125 g of strontium-90 would still be present.

Describe half-life.

A substance's half-life is the amount of time needed for half of a radioactive substance's original quantity to degrade. It is a phrase that is used in nuclear chemistry to describe how quickly unstable atoms radioactively decay into other nuclear species by emitting particles or the amount of time needed for the rate of radioactive material disintegrations per second to drop to half of what it was initially.

The number of half-lives needed to compute the mass of strontium-90 after 116 years is calculated as follows: 116/20=4 half-lives.

The mass of Sr-90 during the first half life is 2000/2=1000 g.

Sr-90's mass is 1000/2, or 500 g, during its second half life.

Sr-90 mass at its third half-life is 500/2, or 250 g.

Sr-90 mass equals 250/2=125 g at the fourth half-life.

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The chemical element protoactinium, often known as protoactinium, has the atomic number 91 and the symbol Pa. The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of protactinium-238 to uranium-238 is;

²³⁴Pa₉₁ --> ⁰e₋₁ + ²³⁴U₉₁

It is an actinide metal that is thick, silvery-gray, and easily interacts with oxygen, water vapor, and inorganic acids. Protactinium normally exists in the oxidation state +5, however, it can also adopt +4, +3, or even +2 states when it forms different chemical combinations.

Protactinium concentrations in the Earth's crust typically range from a few parts per trillion to a few parts per million in certain uraninite ore occurrences. There are currently no uses for protactinium other than scientific research due to its rarity, high radioactivity, and severe toxicity. For this reason, protactinium is primarily collected from spent nuclear fuel.

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Anaerobic respiration results in the production of 2 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule

Both aerobic and anaerobic conditions are conducive to glycolysis. Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and goes through oxidative phosphorylation, which results in the net synthesis of 32 ATP molecules under aerobic conditions.

Pyruvate undergoes anaerobic glycolysis under anaerobic circumstances, converting to lactate. Two ATP molecules are produced during anaerobic respiration. A monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms, glucose is a hexose sugar.

Aldehyde group is connected to the first carbon, and hydroxyl group is attached to each of the next five carbons. In the course of glycolysis, glucose eventually decomposes into pyruvate and energy, yielding a total of 2 ATP (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H⁺ + 2 ATP + 2 H₂O).

Phophorylation is made possible by the hydroxyl groups. Glucose 6-phosphate is the specific kind of glucose that is employed in glycolysis.

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