Density of an object will increase if its mass is increases or if its atoms move together.
What is density?
Density is defined as the mass of an object per unit volume and is calculated by dividing the mass of the object by its volume.
So, if the mass of the object increases while the volume remains constant, the density will increase. This is because the mass per unit volume will be greater.
On the other hand, if the volume of the object increases while the mass remains constant, the density will decrease. This is because the mass per unit volume will be smaller.
Finally, if the atoms of the object move closer together, the volume of the object will decrease and therefore the density will increase.
Therefore, option A) Its mass increases and C) its atoms move together will cause an object's density to increase. Option B) its volume increases will cause density to decrease.
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Consider the reaction shown.
4HCl(g)+O2(g)⟶2Cl2(g)+2H2O(g)
Calculate the number of grams of Cl2 formed when 0.460 mol HCl reacts with an excess of O2 .
Answer:
16.4 g of Cl2
Explanation:
4HCl(g) + O2(g) ⟶ 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)
From the balanced equation, we know that for every 4 moles of HCl that react, 2 moles of Cl2 are formed. If we have 0.460 mol HCl, we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction to find the number of moles of Cl2 that will be formed.
0.460 mol HCl x (2 mol Cl2/4 mol HCl) = 0.230 mol Cl2
To find the number of grams of Cl2, we can use the molar mass of Cl2 (70.906 g/mol) and multiply it by the number of moles we just calculated.
0.230 mol Cl2 x 70.906 g/mol = 16.4 g Cl2
So, 0.460 mol HCl reacts with an excess of O2 to form 16.4 g of Cl2.
which of the following are considered bases? select all that apply. multiple select question. Ba(OH)2 HCl NH3 HNO3 NaOH
Ba(OH)2 and NaOH are considered bases
Acids and bases are types of chemical compounds that have certain characteristics. Acids are compounds that donate hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, and have a pH less than 7. Bases are compounds that accept hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, and have a pH greater than 7. They are opposite in nature and neutralize each other.The strongest acid is fluoroantimonic acid, HSbF6. It has a scale-topping Hammett acidity function (H0) value of -18.3. The strongest base is lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), which has a basicity of around -3.5. However, it's important to note that these substances are extremely reactive and dangerous to handle, and are mainly used in laboratory settings.
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for example, in europe, a ban on single-use plastic items such as cutlery, plates, straws, and stir sticks took effect in 2021. this directive is expected to reduce the consumption of these items by around 6.8 billion per year and prevent the release of around 3.4 million tons of co2.
The European Union's ban on single-use plastic items is a major step forward in the fight against plastic pollution . It is estimated that this directive will reduce plastic consumption by 6.8 billion items annually and prevent the emission of 3.4 million tons of CO2.
What is the plastic ?
Plastic is a synthetic or semi-synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers compounds. It is typically a lightweight, durable, and malleable material used in a variety of items, such as packaging, consumer goods, industrial products, and construction materials. The versatility of plastic materials has allowed them to become a ubiquitous part of daily life, while also contributing to environmental concerns due to the production and disposal of plastic waste. Plastic materials can be divided into two main categories based on their properties: thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics are soft and can be melted and reshaped when heated, while thermosets remain rigid after curing, forming a permanent shape.
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Which of the following chemical exposure factors relates to how a seemingly small exposure can be extremely toxic, even deadly?1. Route of exposure2. Toxicity, or lvel of harm posed by a chemical3. Hazard class4. How many pictograms are present on the label
(2) Toxicity, or level of harm posed by a chemical shows how a seemingly small exposure can be extremely toxic or even deadly.
Toxicity is a chemical property that describes a substance's ability to negatively disintegrate another chemical or biological environment. Any oxidizing agent that causes corrosion on a metallic surface acts as a toxin in relation to the substrate and environment.
Organic or inorganic substances called corrosion inhibitors are used to prevent corrosion on metallic surfaces by establishing a protective coating on the surface. These inhibitors or other chemicals (such coatings or solvents) used to cure or prevent corrosion may occasionally be released into the environment as waste products. They then cause pollution and have chemically unstable characteristics, which make them toxic to living things. These chemical compounds break down into various forms in water, air, and oil. When possible, less harmful corrosion inhibitors ought to be utilized.
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5. identify the most important types of intermolecular/particle forces present in the solids of each of the following substances. a. ar b. hcl c. hf d. cacl2 e. ch4 f. co g. nano3
It's important to note that the below are generalizations and that the nature of inter molecular forces can depend on many factors such as temperature, pressure, and the specific arrangement of the molecules.
What is most important type of inter molecular force that present in the solid?a. In solid argon (Ar), the most important type of intermolecular force is London Dispersion forces.b. In solid hydrochloric acid (HCl), the most important type of intermolecular force is dipole-dipole interactions.c. In solid hydrogen fluoride (HF), the most important type of intermolecular force is hydrogen bonding.d. In solid calcium chloride (CaCl2), the most important type of intermolecular force is ionic bonding.e. In solid methane (CH4), the most important type of intermolecular force is London Dispersion forces.f. In solid carbon monoxide (CO), the most important type of intermolecular force is London Dispersion forces.g. In solid nitric acid (HNO3) (Nano3), the most important type of inter molecular force is dipole-dipole interactions.To learn more about molecular particles refer:
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Chemistry final
HELP!!!!
The inorganic compound copper(II) sulfate, also referred to as copper sulphate, has the molecular formula CuSO4. Copper sulphate's aqueous solution has an acidic pH.
What happens when CuSO4 reacts?The following chemical equation describes the reaction between a CuSO4 solution as well as an iron nail. CuSO4+Fe→FeSO4+Cu. (a) Describe the reduction reaction that is occurring. (a) Explain why Cu was pushed out of the CuSO4 solution by Fe.
CuSO4 turns blue litmus red; why?Water dissolves CuSO4 to produce Cu+2 and SO42. Since H+ ions are produced in this condition, this solution was slightly acidic, which causes its blue litmus paper to turn red.
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Which of the following actions are likely to increase the rate of a chemical reaction? Check all that apply. A. Decreasing reactant concentration B. Decreasing reaction temperature C. Decreasing surface area of reactants D. Increasing reaction temperature E. Increasing reactant concentration F. Adding a catalyst
The following actions are likely to increase the rate of a chemical reaction,A. Decreasing reactant concentration, D. Increasing reaction temperature, E. Increasing reactant concentration, F. Adding a catalyst.
What is the temperature?
The temperature is a measure of the amount of heat energy present in a given environment. Temperature is measured in degrees, typically on the Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F) scales. Temperatures can vary greatly from one place to another and from one time of day to another.The temperature can vary greatly depending on your location and the time of day. Generally speaking, the average temperature of Earth is around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius). However, temperatures can range from -129 degrees Fahrenheit (-89 degrees Celsius) in the coldest areas of the planet to 136 degrees Fahrenheit (58 degrees Celsius) in the hottest spots.
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A fluorescent dye has a molar absorptivity of 62,300 cm-1M-1 , at what concentrations would you estimate that the fluorescence signal will deviate from linearity? Assume a 1 cm pathlength.
1.6×10⁻⁵M is the concentrations at which the fluorescence signal will deviate from linearity when a fluorescent dye has a molar absorptivity of 62,300 cm⁻¹M⁻¹.
What is fluorescence?When a substance generates electromagnetic waves inside the longer wavelength range and makes them visible to the human eye, it is a fascinating occurrence. Let's first define fluorescence in order to comprehend this. This allows the substance to gently transition from the partly excited state to the ground state. Fluorescence is the term for this phenomena.
A= e×c×l
A= 1
e= 62,300 cm⁻¹M⁻¹
l= 1 cm
substituting all the given values in the above equation, we get
1= 62,300 cm⁻¹M⁻¹×c×1 cm
c=1.6×10⁻⁵M
Therefore, 1.6×10⁻⁵M is the concentrations at which the fluorescence signal will deviate from linearity.
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A student collects a sample of the blue dye from the column in a cuvette. Which of the following is least useful to determine the concentration of the sample using a spectrophotometer set at 640nm?
A. The volume of a sample
B. The path length of the cuvette
C. The absorbance of the dye at 640nm
D. The solar absorptivity of the dye at 640nm
The sample's volume is the least useful consideration when determining the concentration of a sample using a spectrophotometer set to 640nm.
Spectrophotometry, an analytical technique, is used to assess how much light is absorbed or transmitted by a solution when a light beam of a particular wavelength is passed across it. In spectrophotometry, a solution's absorptivity and concentration are negatively correlated. This implies that as a solution gets more concentrated, more light is absorbed by it. Important factors in establishing a solution's concentration include the route length of the cuvette, the dye's absorbance at a particular wavelength, and the solution's solar absorptivity.
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A glass vessel contains 4 g of helium gas. Assuming ideal behavior, which of the processes listed below would double the pressure exerted on the walls of the vessel? (Select all that apply.) A) Adding 40 g of argon gas. B) Raising the temperature of the container from -73 °C to 127 °C. C) Raising the temperature of the container from 30. °C to 60. °C. D) Adding 4 g of argon gas. E) Adding enough mercury to fill one-half the container.
Raising the temperature of the container from -73 °C to 127 °C.
What is temperature?
Thermometers are calibrated in different temperature scales, which have historically relied on different reference points and thermometric substances for definition.The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called Celsius), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), the latter being used mostly for scientific purposes. Kelvin is the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).To know more about temperature, click the link given below:
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For each of the following unbalanced chemical equations, suppose 10.0 g of each reactant is taken. Show by calculation which reactant is the limiting reagent. Calculate the mass of each product that is expected.a. CO(g) + H2(g) CH3OH (l) b. Al(s) + I2(s) AlI3 (s) c. Ca(OH)2 (aq) + HBr(aq) d. CaBr2 (aq) + H2O
The following are equations in which the reactant is the limiting reagent.
What is a reactant?
A reactant is a substance that is consumed in a chemical reaction. In a balanced chemical equation, all reactants are listed on the left side of the equation and are consumed as the reaction proceeds. The reactant that is used up first in a reaction is called the limiting reactant or limiting reagent.
a. CO(g) + H2(g) -> CH3OH (l)
To find the limiting reagent, we need to compare the number of moles of each reactant. We can find the number of moles of each reactant by using the molar mass of each substance.
Molar mass of CO = 28.01 g/mol
Molar mass of H2 = 2.02 g/mol
Molar mass of CH3OH = 32.04 g/mol
10.0 g CO = 10.0 g / 28.01 g/mol = 0.357 mol CO
10.0 g H2 = 10.0 g / 2.02 g/mol = 4.95 mol H2
From the balanced equation, we know that for every one mole of CO, we need one mole of H2 to make one mole of CH3OH. Therefore, H2 is the limiting reagent.
The number of moles of CH3OH that can be produced is equal to the number of moles of H2, which is 4.95 mol.
To find the mass of CH3OH, we can use the molar mass:
4.95 mol CH3OH x 32.04 g/mol = 160 g CH3OH
b. Al(s) + I2(s) -> AlI3 (s)
Molar mass of Al = 26.98 g/mol
Molar mass of I2 = 253.8 g/mol
Molar mass of AlI3 = 380.2 g/mol
10.0 g Al = 10.0 g / 26.98 g/mol = 0.371 mol Al
10.0 g I2 = 10.0 g / 253.8 g/mol = 0.039 mol I2
From the balanced equation, we know that for every one mole of Al, we need three moles of I2 to make one mole of AlI3. So I2 is the limiting reagent.
The number of moles of AlI3 that can be produced is equal to the number of moles of I2, which is 0.039 mol.
To find the mass of AlI3, we can use the molar mass:
0.039 mol AlI3 x 380.2 g/mol = 1.495 g AlI3
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the synthesis above can be performed with some combination of the reagents listed below. give the necessary reagents in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation). be sure to consider stereochemistry and regiochemistry. a. hbr b. br2, ccl4 c. nac2h d. h2, lindlar e. 9-bbn then h2o2, naoh f. hg(oac)2, h2o then nabh4 g. o3, then water h. xs nanh2, then water
The correct order of the reagents for synthesis of given product is B, H, G.
Chemical synthesis is a process that involves the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. It is also defined as the process by which many substances which are important to daily life are obtained effectively. Usually it is applied to all types of chemical compounds, but most syntheses that are carried out are organic molecules.
Reagent is defined as a substance that is used to carry out a laboratory test. It may be used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or make other substances. When the compound undergoes continuous conversions under the influence of different reagents a new product is formed. The synthesis is given in the image.
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A sample of helium gas is in a closed system with a movable piston. The volume of the gas sample is changed when both the temperature and the pressure of the sample are increased. The table below shows the initial temperature, pressure, and volume of the gas sample, as well as the final temperature and pressure of the sample.In the space in your answer booklet, show a correct numerical setup for calculating the final volume of the helium gas sample.
Final volume of the helium gas is 2.67 L.
What is helium gas?Helium gas is an odorless, colorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and non-flammable gas. It is the second most abundant element in the universe and makes up about 24% of the elemental mass of the universe. Helium is a noble gas and is not known to form any compounds. It is most commonly used in cryogenics and as a pressurizing gas in airships, weather balloons, and diving bells. It is also used in gas lasers, welding, and other industrial applications. Helium gas is also used in medical applications such as MRI scans, and in scientific research such as spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Initial Conditions: T1 = 300 K, P1 = 0.5 atm, V1 = 2.0 L
Final Conditions: T2 = 400 K, P2 = 1.0 atm
Numerical Setup:
V2 = ?
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
V2 = P1V1T2/P2T1
V2 = (0.5 atm)(2.0 L)(400 K)/(1.0 atm)(300 K)
V2 = 2.67 L
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Consider the combustion of ethylene:
C2H4(g)+3O2(g)→2CO2(g)+2H2O(g)
If the concentration of C2H4 is decreasing at the rate of 3.8×10−2 M/s, what is the rate of change in the concentration of CO2? What is the rate of change in the concentration of H2O?
The rate of change in the concentration of H2O is 0.076 M/s
What is rate of change?Rate of change is used to mathematically describe the percentage change in value over a defined period of time, and it represents the momentum of a variable.
The rate of a reaction aA + bB → cC + dD can be calculated by:
r = -(1/a)x(Δ[A]/Δt) = -(1/b)x(Δ[B]/Δt) = (1/c)x(Δ[C]/Δt) = (1/d)x(Δ[D]/Δt)
Therefore the reaction C2H4(g)+3O2(g)→2CO2(g)+2H2O(g) will be calculated same.
The minus signal for the reactants is because they are disappearing, so Δ{A] and Δ[B] will be negative.
Therefore we have for the same time, r is proportional to the coefficients: where r is
r = (1/2) Δ[CO₂]/Δt
Δ[CO₂]/Δt = 2x3.8x10⁻²
Δ[CO₂]/Δt = 0.076 M/s
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(04.03 hc) what is cellular respiration? use complete sentences to explain how the mass of carbon is conserved during cellular respiration.
The cellular respiration is the process where the chemical reactions takes place to break down the glucose to produce the ATP.
The reaction of cellular respiration is given as :
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ ---> 6CO₂ + 6 H₂O
The mass of carbon is conserved during cellular respiration. The law of conservation of mass states that the mass is conserved throughout the reaction.
reactant products
C 6 6
O 12 12
H 18 18
The mass of the carbon conserver during the reaction. The reaction is balanced as the number of atoms in the reactant side equals to the product side.
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when halogens are bonded to other nonmetals, the element with the higher_________ is assigned the negative number.
when halogens are bonded to other nonmetals, the element with the higher Electronegativity is assigned the negative number. Electronegativity rises from bottom to top in groups.
Electronegativity and from left to right through time. As a result, fluorine is the most electronegative element, whereas francium is one of the least. Elements having a high electronegativity are usually nonmetals or electrical insulators that function as oxidants in chemical processes. Elements having a low electronegativity, on the other hand, are often metals and strong electrical conductors that operate as reductants in chemical processes. The nucleus' positively charged protons attract the negatively charged electrons. The electronegativity or attraction rises as the number of protons in the nucleus increases. As a result, in a row of the periodic table, electronegativity rises from left to right.
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Fill in the information missing from this table.
The nuclides are;
1) 133 Cs 55
2) 93 Nb 41
3) 28 Si 14
What is the mass number?We know that the mass number is the sum of the number of the protons and the number of the neutrons in an atom. The protons and the neutrons both compose the nucleus of the atom.
We now have that;
1) Mass number = 133
Atomic number = 55
Protons = 55
Neutrons = 133 - 55 = 78
Nuclide = 133 Cs 55
2) Mass number = 41 + 52 = 93
Atomic number = 41
Nuclide = 93 Nb 41
3) Protons = 14
Neutrons = 28 - 14 = 14
Atomic number = 14
Mass number = 28
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2NH3(g)−→−−−−catalystN2(g)+3H2(g) On the basis of the data in the graph, which of the following best represents the rate law for the catalyzed decomposition of NH3(g)?
The best represents the rate law for the catalyzed decomposition of NH3(g) rate=k.
What is meant by catalyzed ?
acting as a catalyst to cause a chemical reaction to occur or to progress more quickly: It was once believed that cells' processes could only be catalyzed by proteins.Catalysis is the process by which the addition of a substance (the catalyst) that is not itself modified during the chemical reaction changes the rate at which chemical reactions occur.Usually, catalyzed reactions are employed to quicken the rate at which a certain chemistry develops. The catalyst's main function is to give the reaction a another, lower-energy pathway.A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without changing itself is known as a catalyst.A circumstance, action, or someone responsible for a significant shift.To learn more about catalyzed refer to
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A student calculates the time taken (in minutes) for the light from the sun to reach the Earth. e sun is 93 million miles away (1 mile 1.609 km) and the speed of light is 3.00 x 108 m/s. The calculation is set up as follows:8.3 min, since 9.3 x 10^7 has 2 significant figures 8.313, since 1.609 has 4 significant figures 8 min, since there is only 1 significant figure in 60 s 8.31 min, since 3.00 x 10° has 3 significant figurts
The 8.3 min, since 9.3*10^7 has two significant figures.
What is mass ?
A rough estimate of how much material is contained or makes up a physical body. The mass of an object affects its inertia and, subsequently, the force required to accelerate it according to classical mechanics, which is why Newton's equations of motion depend on mass.
What is speed ?
A change in position direction or speed for an object. How quickly anything moves depends on the distance traveled and the time required to cover that distance. Speed is a scalar quantity, having only a direction and no magnitude.
Therefore, 8.3 min, since 9.3*10^7 has two significant figures.
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name the following compound. group of answer choices 2,5-dibromobenzene 3,6-dibromobenzene 1,4-dibromobenzene 2,5-dibromocyclohexene 1,4-bromocyclohexene
Naming of the following compound is given below.
What is chemical compound?A chemical compound is a substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Chemical compounds can be formed when atoms of two or more elements combine chemically. Examples of chemical compounds include water (H2O), table salt (NaCl), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Compounds are usually identified by their chemical formula, which describes the ratio of atoms present.
2,5-Dibromobenzene: A compound composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure, with two bromine atoms bonded to the two carbon atoms in the center of the ring.
3,6-Dibromobenzene: A compound composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure, with two bromine atoms bonded to the two carbon atoms at either end of the ring.
1,4-Dibromobenzene: A compound composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure, with two bromine atoms bonded to the two carbon atoms located adjacent to each other in the center of the ring.
2,5-Dibromocyclohexene: A compound composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure, with two bromine atoms bonded to the two carbon atoms located across from each other in the middle of the ring.
1,4-Bromocyclohexene: A compound composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring structure, with one bromine atom bonded to the two carbon atoms located adjacent to each other in the center of the ring.
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HELPPP PLEASEE w/ all
The covalent bond is present in the compound C₃H₈. The reactant C is 3, product C is 6, reactant H is 8, product H is 10, Reactant O is 2, product O is 9.
What is covalent bond ?
Atoms share electron pair between them in covalent bonds. H-H or C-H are examples of nonpolar covalent bonds between atoms with similar or identical electronegativity, whereas polar covalent bonds are formed when unequal electronegativity is shared between atoms (e.g., H–O).
What is reactant ?
Raw materials known as reactants combine to create products. When the right factors, such as temperature, time, or pressure, come into play, the chemical bonds between the reactants are broken, allowing the atoms to form new bonds that lead to various combinations.
Therefore, covalent bond is present in the compound C₃H₈. The reactant C is 3, product C is 6, reactant H is 8, product H is 10, Reactant O is 2, product O is 9.
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for atoms aluminum and boron, explain which would have the lowest third ionization energy and why one is lower than the other as they both ahve three valence electrons
For atoms aluminum and boron, it has highest third ionization energy.
What is ionization energy?
Ionization energy, also known as ionization potential, is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a single atom or molecule in chemistry and physics.
What is valence electrons ?
For instance, oxygen contains six valence electrons, two of which are in the 2s subshell and four of which are in the 2p subshell. The oxygen valence electron configuration is 2s22p4.
The ionization potential of boron, the smallest of the IIIA group elements, is the highest. The increase in atomic radius is the reason why there is a substantial drop in ionization energy from boron to aluminum.
Therefore, for atoms aluminum and boron, it has highest third ionization energy.
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What is the structure of a rearranged carbocation that does not have a four-membered ring in the following acid-catalyzed dehydration of the following compound?
Carbocation formation is the result of acid-catalyzed dehydration. The stability of carbocations determines the reactivity of this reaction. The carbocation stability order would be as follows:
(Dual bond conjugation)>Tertiary>Secondary>Primary
Increasing the stability of carbocation intermediates is not the only factor that leads to molecular rearrangement. If angle strain , torsional strain or steric crowding in the reactant structure may is relieved by an alkyl or aryl shift to a carbocation site, such a rearrangement is commonly observed.
The following examples illustrate rearrangements induced by the strain in a small ring. Although a 3º-carbocation is initially formed, the angle and torsional strain of the four-membered ring is reduced by a methylene group shift resulting in ring expansion to a 2º-carbocation.
The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:
What is the structure of a rearranged carbocation that does not have a four-membered ring in the following acid-catalyzed dehydration of the following compound?
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an unknown organic compound (0.315 g) containing only c, h, and o produces 0.771 of co2 and 0.105 g of h2o when it undergoes complete combustion. the approximate molar mass is 108 g/mol. which of the following compounds could be the identification of the unknown? group of answer choices
The identification of the unidentified C6H4O2 could be made using the following chemical molecules.
Given that (m) = 0.315 g, the mass of the unknown chemical compound.
The sole elements in the compound are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and it completely burns.
CO2 generated mass (m1) = 0.771g
H2O generated mass (m2) = 0.105g
The organic compound (M) has a molar mass of 108g/mol.
The first thing we determine is the mass of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the supplied compounds. The chemical's empirical formula is then determined further. Using the empirical formula, we can determine the chemical from the given molar mass.
Molar mass/Molar mass of CO2 x mass of CO2 = 12/44x0.771
Mass of carbon in organic molecule (M1) = 0.2103g
The mass of hydrogen (M2) is equal to = 2/18x0.105, or= 0.012g.
oxygen mass (M3) is equal to = 0.315 - (0.2103 + 0.012) = 0.0927g.
Carbon moles equal = 0.2103/12 or 0.018.
1 mole of hydrogen is equal to = 0.012 moles.
Mole of oxygen is equal to = 0.0927/16, or 0.006.
n = Molecular formula/empirical formula = 108/54 = 2 is the resulting empirical formula.
C6H4O2 is the necessary organic molecule.
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complete question: An unknown organic compound (0.315 g) containing only c, h, and o produces 0.771 of co2 and 0.105 g of h2o when it undergoes complete combustion. the approximate molar mass is 108 g/mol. which of the following compounds could be the identification of the unknown? group of answer choices. A) Benzyl alcohol, C6H5CH2OH B) CH3C6H4OH C) 1,2-Benzoquinone, C6H4O2
To determine whether a chirality center is in the R or S configuration, start by mentally turning the molecule so that the lowest priority substituent usually a (Choose: Fluorine, Carbon, Hydrogen), is pointing (Choose: Forward, Backward, Down, Up). Then, rank the remaining substituents from highest priority, which corresponds to (choose: highest atomic number, longest chain, lowest atomic number, shortest chain), to lowest priority. If the substituents decrease priority in a (Choose: horizontal, counterclockwise, clockwish, vertical) order, the configuration is R. If the substituents decrease in priority in a (Choose: counterclockwise, Horizontal, Vertical, Clockwish) order, the configuration is S.
To determine whether a chirality center is in the R or S configuration, the spatial arrangement of each atom must be determined.
The structures are a non-superimposable mirror image stereochemical label that is used to indicate the relative spatial orientation of each atom in a molecule.
R indicates that a clockwise circular arrow going from higher priority to lower priority crosses over the lowest priority substituent, which is in the back. The R and S stereoisomers are non-superimposable mirror images, which means they do not become the same molecule when reflected on a mirror plane.
When you label a molecule as R or S, the chiral priorities of each substituents are considered.
Some general methods for determining priorities are:
The higher the atomic number of the directly attached atom, the higher the priority.If two substituents have the same first atom, the atomic number of the atom attached to the one is considered in step 1.If the overall substituents are too similar, a higher number of same-atom branches determines higher priority (e.g. isopropyl has higher priority than ethyl).Learn more about stereochemical label here:
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A closed sample of gas occupies 1.80 L at 212K. It is expanded to 2.70 L at constant pressure. What is it’s new temperature?
Using Charles's law, it’s new temperature is 318K.
According to Charles' law, with constant pressure, the volume of an ideal gas increases in direct proportion to the absolute temperature. The law also stipulates that when the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion.
Charles' law states that, if the pressure is constant, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
According to Charles's law,
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Given,
V1 = 1.80L
V2 = 2.70L
T1 = 212k
T2 = ?
Putting above values in the formula,
⇒ 1.80 / 212 = 2.70 / T2
⇒ T2 = 318K
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If a person practicing yoga for one hour burns 285 kilocalories (kcal),
how many joules (J) of energy have they burned?
The amount of energy a person has burned while practicing yoga for one hour can be calculated by converting kilocalories (kcal) to joules (J).
How many joules (J) of energy have they burned?One kcal is equal to 4184 J. Therefore, if a person has burned 285 kcal, they have burned 285 x 4184 = 1197140 J of energy.When the body burns energy, it does so by releasing heat. This heat is measured in joules. Any form of physical activity, such as yoga, can cause the body to burn energy, and thus release heat. The amount of energy burned during a physical activity is determined by the intensity and duration of the activity.The energy burned during yoga depends on the type of poses and exercises done, as well as the individual's level of fitness. Generally, more strenuous poses and exercises will burn more energy than gentler ones. The more intense the activity, the more energy the body will burn.When the body burns energy, it is converted into fuel for the muscles. This fuel helps maintain the body's temperature, power muscle contractions, and provide energy for cells. The energy burned during yoga is converted into ATP, which is used to provide energy to cells.In conclusion, if a person practicing yoga for one hour burns 285 kcal, they have burned 1197140 J of energy. This energy is used to power muscle contractions, maintain body temperature, and provide energy for cells.1 kcal = 4184 JTherefore, the person has burned 1189340 J of energy.To learn more about energy conversion refer to:
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At 25°C, KP. = 2.9 x 10-3 for the reaction NH4OCONH2(s) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) In an experiment carried out at 25•c, a certain amount of NH4OCONH2 is placed in an evacuated rigid container and allowed to come to equilibrium. Calculate the total pressure in the container at equilibrium.
The total pressure of for the reaction NH4OCONH2(s) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) In an experiment carried out at 25•c, a certain amount of NH4OCONH2 in the container at equilibrium is
as Kp = [PNH3]2 [Pco2]
PNH3--> is the partial pressure of NH3 = P* XNH3
Pco2--> i is the parital pressure of co2 = P*Xco2
where p--> total pressure
XNH3=2/3,Xco2=1/3 --> are mole fractions of NH3 , CO2 respectively
2.9 *10^(-3)=[2/3 P]2 [1/3P]
P= [(27*2.9*10^(-3))/4](1/3)
=0.2695 atm
All pressures present in a reference system are added together to get the total pressure, or ptot. Bernoulli (see Fluid mechanics) defined this pressure as the sum of the static pressure (p), dynamic pressure (pdyn), and geodetic component (g, z) that exist in a fluid along a stream line in a frictionless flow.
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In forming a molecular structure, each atom should have ________ electrons around it unless there is some specific reason why this cannot be achieved.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 2
In forming a molecular structure, each atom should have 8 electrons around it (c. 8) unless there is some specific reason why this cannot be achieved.
The octet rule is a basic principle of chemical bonding that states that atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a full outermost electron shell (the valence shell) of 8 electrons. This is a general trend in chemical bonding and it is based on the principle that atoms tend to be most stable when they have a full valence shell.This is because atoms with a full valence shell are less likely to participate in chemical reactions, and thus they are less reactive. The octet rule applies to most elements in the periodic table except for hydrogen and helium which are an exception to this rule. So the electrons around the atom are important for the stability of the molecule, and atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in order to achieve a full outermost electron shell of 8 electrons.
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A number 4 in the blue quadrant of the NFPA 704 system indicate that there is _______________________ risk in this category from the chemical involved.
A number 4 in the blue quadrant of the NFPA 704 system indicate that there is cause death or major injury risk in this category from the chemical involved.
What does 4 mean on NFPA?OSHA's Classification System and NFPA Rating 0-4 0-least dangerous 4th most dangerous 1-most serious hazard 4-least serious hazard • Hazard category numbers are not required on labels but must be included on SDSs in Section 2.
The blue, red, and yellow fields (health, flammability, and reactivity) all use a 0 to 4 scale. A value of zero indicates that the material poses virtually no risk; a value of four indicates extreme danger.
Thus, A number 4 in the blue quadrant of the NFPA 704 system indicate that there is cause death or major injury risk.
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